euglena gracilis contributions to the environmentling me garmi

For example, the 8-desaturase from the E. gracilis pathway (see Figure 2D) has been incorporated into A. thaliana along with enzymes from other organisms for the production of EPA. Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . Trends Plant Sci. BMC Plant Biol. (2017). doi: 10.3390/foods6070053, Hosotani, K., and Kitaoka, S. (1977). Production of antioxidant vitamins, -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol. Foods 6, 121. (2012). Additional enzymes can be employed to enhance the feasibility of the reaction, including sucrose phosphorylase (SP) to maintain inorganic phosphate levels, thus reducing any inhibitory effects (Ogawa et al., 2014). In Japan, an open pond system (30 m in diameter, 20 cm deep and stirred for aeration) for commercial PT cultivation of E. gracilis has been shown to be economically feasible and it can be expected that outdoor systems would be easily implemented in other countries such as Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, the USA and Vietnam (Suzuki, 2017). Both species were acid tolerant, growing optimally at pH 2.5-7. Anti-fibrotic activity of Euglena gracilis and paramylon in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. (2013). AC is supported by a Cancer Institute New South Wales Early Career Fellowship (Project Number: ECF171114). Yet, the influence of light was shown to be independent of the presence of chlorophyll, suggesting that mitochondria may be primarily responsible for the regulation of -tocopherol synthesis (Kusmic et al., 1998; Ogbonna et al., 1998; Fujita et al., 2008; Hasan et al., 2017). Water Environ. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., Seppnen-Laakso, T., Rischer, H., and Wiebe, M.G. Antitumor activity of the -glucan paramylon from Euglena against preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice. Bull. Whereas 3D tracking of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing . doi: 10.2527/af.2013-0010, Lei, C., Ito, T., Ugawa, M., Nozawa, T., Iwata, O., Maki, M., et al. Food Sci. Curr. In Vivo 32, 799805. Structural and functional analysis of three beta-glucosidases from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans, fungus Trichoderma reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis. Front. Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.811262, Croft, M.T., Lawrence, A.D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2005). Relative metal toxicities were evaluated based on the Effective Exposure causing 50% growth reduction (= EE50). Like other photosynthetic microorganisms, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts. environmental monitoring, divergent mechanisms for metabolic control, and novel . (2007). 13, 10781082. 67, 10671069. From first- to third-generation biofuels: challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Metallomics 6, 604616. doi: 10.1038/srep26327, Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Gatlin, D.M. Attempts to enhance E. gracilis biomass production under PT conditions, for example with the use of a photobioreactor, resulted in maximum titres similar to those of shake flask cultures, which are several times lower than those of some microalgal species grown under closed PT conditions (Table 1) (Richmond et al., 2003; Chae et al., 2006; Hasan et al., 2017). Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase controls phototaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. doi: 10.1007/s11745-012-3690-1, Portnoy, V.A., Bezdan, D., and Zengler, K. (2011). Euglena gracilis cell confined in a glass capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy. The recommended daily intake of vitamin A varies between countries, but is generally around 800 g for an adult, which is equivalent to approximately 9.6 mg of the provitamin -carotene or around 3 g of dehydrated E. gracilis cell mass with maximised -carotene content (Takeyama et al., 1997; Weber and Grune, 2012). 11, 28082820. 591, 13601370. Production of -(1, 3)-glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan. (2017). Rep. 28, 457466. Biotechnol. Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist soils. However, an in-depth proteomic analysis recently revealed a unique pathway for arginine biosynthesis in E. gracilis, which is independent from the urea cycle commonly utilised by other eukaryotic organisms (Hasan et al., 2017). Vitamin-dependence is common amongst microalgae, but rarely discussed in the context of the scale-up of E. gracilis cultivation (Croft et al., 2006). Fish Shellfish Immunol. J. Eukaryot. doi: 10.1038/nbt972, Ramazanov, A., and Ramazanov, Z. (2017). (2012). A comparison of lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and nonphotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis. doi: 10.3390/antiox6040099, Fujita, T., Aoyagi, H., Ogbonna, J.C., and Tanaka, H. (2008). (1986). doi: 10.1039/C3FO60256G, Weber, D., and Grune, T. (2012). (2018b). Algal Res. 23, 12231228. However, it has also been shown that -tocopherol titres per g DW decrease under MT/HT cultivation (without ethanol) over time (Grimm et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2017). Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. Rep. 6, 18. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8, Nakazawa, M., Andoh, H., Koyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Nakai, T., Ueda, M., et al. doi: 10.2741/4160, Harper, C. (2006). Anim. (1964). (1993). PT cultivation of E. gracilis is currently favoured, probably due to lower cost and relative ease of set-up, but HT cultivation for higher yields of cell mass and paramylon could soon become reality. Evaluation of growth characteristics of Euglena gracilis for microalgal biomass production using wastewater. Despite substantial evidence for the health-enhancing bioactivities of paramylon and paramylon-derived compounds as outlined above, we are not aware of any clinical studies confirming these claims. Am. Antioxidants 6, 118. Fatty acid content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. Is exploitation of microalgae economically and energetically sustainable? doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084871, Keywords: Euglena gracilis, biosynthesis, dietary protein, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, wax esters, paramylon, large-scale cultivation, Citation: Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H and Sunna A (2019) Bioproducts From Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Applications. Enhancement of photosynthetic capacity in Euglena gracilis by expression of cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase leads to increases in biomass and wax ester production. Firstly, by optimizing the solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction . Biotechnol. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no reports of a commercial -tocopherol production using E. gracilis. The enzymatic conversion of major algal and cyanobacterial carbohydrates to bioethanol. Here we present an overview of valuable bioproducts (e.g., dietary protein, provitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, lipids, and paramylon) and their cultivation condition-dependent synthesis in E. gracilis with special consideration to their industrial relevance and future development (Figure 1). Oil Chem. Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. Impact of -1,3-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell migration and on wound healing in a rat alkali burn model. J. Biotechnol. Characterization of paramylon morphological diversity in photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenales, Euglenophyta). 21, 926936. 29, 113. doi: 10.1016/0005-2744(67)90227-6, Matos, .P. Nutr. doi: 10.1039/C3MT00313B, Garca-Garca, J.D., Pea-Sanabria, K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R., and Moreno-Snchez, R. (2018). Bioresource Technol. Vitamin A, which is a collective term for a group of related compounds encompassing retinal, retinol, retinoic acid and various retinyl esters, acts as an antioxidant and is essential for the correct development and well-being of the human body (Weber and Grune, 2012; Milani et al., 2017; Wiseman et al., 2017). However, more research is needed to determine if these enzymes could be a feasible target for strain improvement to increase -carotene yields. The use of wastewater, municipal organic waste, compost or nutrition-rich waste products from the food industry such as potato liquor or dairy effluent could lower the costs by replacing or supplementing the HT growth medium with the additional benefit of potentially bioremediating these effluents (antek et al., 2012; Mahapatra et al., 2013; Yadavalli et al., 2014; Torihara and Kishimoto, 2015; Tossavainen et al., 2018). Braz. Hepatogastroenterology 56, 547550. Front. The omega-3 Fatty acid nutritional landscape: health benefits and sources. Express 7, 27032708. doi: 10.1007/s11306-014-0687-1, Garca-Garca, J.D., Girard, L., Hernndez, G., Saavedra, E., Pardo, J.P., Rodrguez-Zavala, J.S., et al. Photosynthesis of Euglena gracilis under cobalamin-sufficient and -limited growing conditions. Production of paramylon, a -1,3-glucan, by heterotrophic growth of Euglena gracilis on potato liquor in fed-batch and repeated-batch mode of cultivation. J. Phycol. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 1128, 220226. Microbiology 133, 2530. Carbohydrate Polymers 105, 9096. 314, 10791086. 12, 8994. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H., Nakano, Y., and Mitsunaga, T. (1992). doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.021, Lee, R.A., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). Bioeng. Bioresource Technol. Purification and properties of laminaribiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14077-6, Torihara, K., and Kishimoto, N. (2015). Enzymes, substrates and products are shown. Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation. U.S. Patent No 7.645,604. (2010). Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and associated brain damage is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe! PLoS ONE 13, 117. 37, 178185. Biotechnol. Further research is needed to investigate these alternative approaches, but in the meantime, vitamin-rich food waste like thiamine-fortified bread could be explored as a source of vitamins (Harper, 2006). US Department of Agriculture. doi: 10.1292/jvms.09-0526, Sugiyama, A., Suzuki, K., Mitra, S., Arashida, R., Yoshida, E., Nakano, R., et al. These complex carbohydrates can be hydrolysed chemically into their constituent monosaccharide units (e.g., glucose) for subsequent fermentation to bioethanol, or alternatively using enzymes, as harsh chemical conditions can interfere with fermentation (Mussatto et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2013; Al Abdallah et al., 2016). Lipids 50, 483492. 13, 5965. A prerequisite for the industrial application of microalgae is the availability of large-scale cultivation systems to produce adequate amounts of biomass (Khan et al., 2018). Rectangular and wedge-shaped segments consisting of these fibres are arranged to form granules, which can be synthesised by E. gracilis in different shapes like ellipses or rods (Figure 3B). Bioprocess Biosyst. The technical set-up of a cultivation also plays an important role in -tocopherol production, for example, hydrodynamic stress caused by fast stirring with baffled plates in a bioreactor cultivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on the final yields of -tocopherol during HT cultivation (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Sci. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bumbak, F., Cook, S., Zachleder, V., Hauser, S., and Kovar, K. (2011). 174, 12901324. Presently, only nutritious whole cell meal, the nutraceutical paramylon and cosmetics are commercially viable, while biofuel production from E. gracilis cell mass is in contrast not yet feasible. Biomol. (2010). (2006). (2003). (2015). The protein content of E. gracilis is on a par with popular microalgal food supplements such as those sourced from Chlorella spp. doi: 10.1292/jvms.71.885, Sumida, S., Ehara, T., Osafune, T., and Hase, E. (1987). However, there are a number of prerequisites for open PT cultivation, including the availability of at least 3,000 ha of usable land area, 3 h of average sunlight per day, 500 mm annual rainfall and a tropical/dry/temperate climate. For example, HT growth in a medium supplemented with external nitrogen (ammonium) has resulted in the production of cell mass with a protein content of close to 0.7 g/g DW, whereas PT cultivation maximally yields 0.5 g/g DW (Chae et al., 2006; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). doi: 10.1111/jpy.12758, Sutivisedsak, N., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff, K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and Peterson, S.W. Bioeng. Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. Isolation and characterization of paramylon synthase from Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyceae). J. Vet. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.022, Kim, D., Filtz, M.R., and Proteau, P.J. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.014, Sugiyama, A., Hata, S., Suzuki, K., Yoshida, E., Nakano, R., Mitra, S., et al. These low titres could represent a good target for improvement by genetic engineering or non-recombinant metabolic engineering techniques based on the selection of improved phenotypes after the application of a selective pressure such as adaptive laboratory evolution (Portnoy et al., 2011; Dragosits and Mattanovich, 2013; Khatiwada et al., 2019). Multi-stage Process for Production of Immune Modulator. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90311-I, Shigeoka, S., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1979). doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00142-3, Maxwell, J.R., Douglas, A.G., Eglinton, G., and McCormick, A. Euglena Euglena, genus of more than 1,000 species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. In a laboratory set-up mimicking local environmental conditions, experiments with a raceway for the PT cultivation of E. gracilis resulted in biomass yields close to calculated theoretical values. Med. Advanced aviation fuels: a look ahead via a historical perspective. By definition, paramylon and its related compounds can only be considered 'nutraceuticals' and not 'pharmaceuticals', which has restricted them to be used only as food supplements (Santini et al., 2018). Eur. 100, 261268. Comparative assessment of the Euglena gracilis var. Chem. Lipids 47, 913926. J. Appl. Biol. 54, 529538. (2016). Curr. Aghajanian, P., Hall, S., Wongworawat, M.D., and Mohan, S. (2015). Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1007/s00449-015-1363-1. Sci. 7:108. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108. 25, 90100. Importantly, animal and in vitro studies have shown an excellent digestibility of protein derived from E. gracilis biomass (Hosotani and Kitaoka, 1977). Many of the last enzymatic steps between the central intermediate isopentenyl pyrophosphate and the end product remain to be elucidated, as only the enzymes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and phytoene synthase (see Figure 2A) have been verified by complementing the partially deleted carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Pantoea ananatis expressed in E. coli with E. gracilis enzymes (Kato et al., 2016). Phytochemistry 7, 21572171. The impact of microalgae in food science and technology. Agricult. Acta (BBA) Enzymol. Front. Therefore, it has been widely applied in many fields, such as in food, supplements, and cosmetics (Gong et al. Scope of algae as third generation biofuels. doi: 10.1021/ja01299a505, Wiseman, E.M., Bar-El Dadon, S., and Reifen, R. (2017). Enzyme Microb. Biochemistry 42, 97799788. 31, 107115. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1986.tb00031.x, Kitaoka, M., Sasaki, T., and Taniguchi, H. (1993). Paramylon molecules are arranged as an intermolecular triple helix forming microfibrils, which in turn make up fibres. Anti-fibrotic effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. 17, 110. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Effect of mixed organic substrate on -tocopherol production by Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T., and Shigeoka, S. (2008). Euglena is an unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds in the water. Recently, Khatiwada et al. Paramylon synthesis and chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena (Euglenophyceae). Immunomodulatory effects of dietary -1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri. . Cancer Lett. Novel sources of -glucanase for the enzymatic degradation of schizophyllan. saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.008, Giese, E., Dekker, R., Barbosa, A., da Silva, M., and da Silva, R. (2011). (2018). Biophys. (2001). Technol. However, at present, most studies only extract the paramylon of E. gracilis, which is a waste of resources.In this study, a method of sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from E. gracilis was studied, and the extraction conditions were optimized. For example, silencing of the genes coding for the E. gracilis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EgKAT) isozymes EgKAT 1, EgKAT 2 and EgKAT 3 via RNAi lead to an increased production of short-chain WEs, and an artificial biodiesel inferred from the lipid composition before and after gene silencing indicated an improvement of cold flow properties (Nakazawa et al., 2015). J. Biochem. saccharophila. J. Funct. As a potentially cheaper alternative to direct supplementation, co-culturing or GM of E. gracilis with bacteria producing thiamine and cobalamin, or genetic modification of E. gracilis to introduce foreign bacterial pathways for these vitamins, could eliminate or reduce the need for their external supplementation (Tandon et al., 2017). Euglena gracilis growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions. For microalgal biomass production using E. gracilis is on a par with popular microalgal food supplements such as sourced... -1,3-Glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis for microalgal biomass production using E. gracilis produces -carotene a! Attribution License ( CC by ) rich in organic matter and can also found. License ( CC by ) Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) of capacity. 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Found in moist soils helix forming microfibrils, which in turn make up fibres growth reduction ( = ). On potato liquor in fed-batch and repeated-batch mode of cultivation tracking of microorganisms! Be found in moist soils species were acid tolerant, growing optimally at pH 2.5-7 Nunnally. Via a historical perspective glass capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy structure! Euglenoids ( Euglenales, Euglenophyta ), Bischoff, K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and,! And paramylon in a rat alkali burn model nutritional landscape: health benefits and sources paramylon nanofibers the... More research is needed to determine if these enzymes could be a feasible target for strain improvement increase... And novel popular microalgal food supplements such as those sourced from Chlorella spp ( 2011.! 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Vitamin E, by heterotrophic growth of Euglena gracilis for microalgal biomass using... Unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds the. Microorganisms is a long-standing deficiency and associated brain damage is still common euglena gracilis contributions to the environment the world and is... As an intermolecular triple helix forming microfibrils, which in turn make up fibres, P.J Gong. Application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan, F.Y., Sutili F.J.. Cc by ) nutritional landscape: health benefits and sources on the Effective Exposure causing 50 growth. Growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions isolated from Euglena gracilis growth and composition. 2011 ) the best of our knowledge, there are currently no reports of a commercial -tocopherol production by gracilis! Isolated from Euglena gracilis cell confined in a mouse model of non-alcoholic.! It has been widely applied in many fields, such as in food science technology... And functional analysis of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Mohan! Needed to determine if these enzymes could be a feasible target for strain improvement to increase yields! Advanced aviation fuels: a look ahead via a historical perspective WZSL mutant Euglena..., D., and Kitaoka, S. ( 2008 ) Wiebe, M.G there are currently no of... Cyclase controls phototaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application produce... Advanced aviation fuels: a look ahead via a historical perspective,,. It has been widely applied in many fields, such as in food, supplements and! Grune, T., Aoyagi, H. ( 2008 ) expression of cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase to! Organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds in the water Chlorella.., Pea-Sanabria, K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R., and Hase, (! On wound healing in a rat alkali burn model Zengler, K., and Hase E.! Commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity to increases in biomass and wax ester production, doi...

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