bermuda vs zoysia north carolina

Snakes are scary and potentially dangerous, depending on where you live, the type of snakes, and whether you have pets. It is often confused with Bermuda grass, as they have much in common. You can get rid of lawn grubs using chemicals such as trichlorfon and carbaryl, and then spray them with water afterward. Zoysia and Bermuda grass sod forming that spreads by stolons, rhizomes, and grass seed. Tall fescue could be the ideal option if you are looking for a low-maintenance type of grass. They cut similar to scissors and when the blades are sharp, produce the finest cut available. Its aggressive spread is one of the reasons why Zoysia grass is a better choice if you dont want to spend too much time taking care of your lawn. Copyright 2023 Clemson UniversityClemson Cooperative Extension | 103 Barre Hall Clemson, SC 29634864-986-4310 | 1-888-656-9988 (SC residents only) | Contact UsHGIC@clemson.edu, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Centipedegrass Yearly Maintenance Program. Between the two of them, Zoysia grass is less maintained than Bermuda grass, and it is slightly better because of that. In addition, it is a good sod binder, has good tolerance to shade, and is a very early maturing turfgrass. The effects of chinch bugs destroying Zoysia are almost identical to the effects of a drought. Zoysia grassneeds frequent mowing to stay short and to maintain good color. The slow-growing quality might not be ideal if youre looking for a quick fix for that bald patch in your yard where the kids had a slip and slide last summer. Its durability makes it popular with athletic fields and golf courses in the southern regions. A key difference between zoysia grass and Bermuda grass is blade width. Turf can also be subjected to salt stress by water from an irrigation system or as spray from the ocean. TifTuf Bermudagrass was developed with this challenge in mind. A pallet of sod costs $130 - $360 and covers 450 sqft. Bermuda grassis a warm-season turfgrass that thrives throughout the hot summer months. It grows well on sunny lawns, sandy soils, and areas where temperatures rise and remain high for most of the year. Most broadleaf weeds are best treated in the spring or fall when air temperatures are between 65 and 85 F. During hotter temperatures, turf damage is more likely to occur. Weed seeds can remain dormant for years, so dont dig too deeply to avoid perpetual weeds. Zeon is considered by many to be the premium grade of Zoysia and most turf types for that matter. During the summer, if kept healthy and in the shade, zoysia will crowd out weeds and other grasses. CommonBermuda grassis a robust grass that can endure drought and extremely hot weather conditions. Quality turf requires irrigation, so water quantity and quality are a selection factor. Table 1. They are excellent grass species for a variety of conditions. Tifway 419 Bermudagrass. Figure 1. Empire Zoysia. Grass is everywhere, in almost every color, size, and shape, so its no wonder that some people have difficulty choosing a grass for their lawn. Sod Installation Holly Springs Cold tolerance of zoysia is not a problem in North Carolina's piedmont and coastal . In the Piedmont regions, it does well in slightly shady sites and sites with shade from afternoon sun, or if the yard slopes towards the north or northeast. What are the similarities between Zoysia vs Bermuda grasses? In this post, Peak Sodding outlines the features and differences between the three most popular varieties for sodding in Holly Springs: Zeon, Empire, and Compadre Zoysia. Growth can take up to 14 weeks if you plant the Bermuda grass too early in the spring, or at the beginning of summer. Bermuda grass is native to tropical and subtropical countries all around the world. Zoysia is quite stiffer compared to Bermuda grass, and as a result it's more difficult to mow. It can be difficult to detect nematodes in the early stages of infestation, but yellow spots on the blades indicate roundworms. St. Augustine is a grass variety that enjoys warm weather. This is a relative measure of the leaf blade width. Centipede grass is the most obvious alternative to Zoysia. Its blades tend to be shorter and lighter in color than Zoysias, and it is slightly coarser in texture, making it ideal for parks and public gardens. Does not spread laterally like the other turf grasses If this document didnt answer your questions, please contact HGIC at hgic@clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988. For example, centipedegrass and carpetgrass grow best in acid (<7.0) soils. Since every landscape is unique, there could be a variety of solutions to dealing with excessive sun exposure. Zoysia starts out slow growing, but it is a very aggressive plant which can choke out weeds and form a dense turf that very few other plants can penetrate. Zoysia can handle cooler temperatures without dying and turning brown right away like Bermuda grass can. However, once you reach February or March, you should notice your Bermuda grass begin to come back slowly. Youll have to time out your lawn care schedule to sync up with its demands to ensure this grass stays happy and healthy. This is also the time when the plant matures and is ready for harvest. If you want a thick, luscious lawn with minimal effort, St. Augustine grass is a good choice. Can You Put Epsom Salt in a Humidifier: Complete Guide with 6 Benefits. Seeding and Overseeding Thin Lawns. Its climate needs hold it back from taking over every lawn in the United States. Robert F. Polomski, PhD, Associate Extension Specialist, Clemson UniversityDebbie Shaughnessy, Former HGIC Information Specialist, Clemson UniversityTrent C. Hale, PhD, Former Extension Turfgrass Specialist, Clemson University, Gary Forrester, Horticulture Extension Agent, Horry County Extension Service, Clemson University. Zoysia. In North Carolina, both warm-season and cool-season grasses do well. This makes it easier for backyard growers to add this to their yard without the costly expense of sod. Moderate turf maintenance includes fertilization two to four times per year, weekly mowing and irrigation as needed. Just the Facts, Actaea Simplex Brunette: Growth and Care Guide. Recuperates from damage slowly While Bermuda grass is perfect for those hot regions, you might be better off with zoysia grass if youre looking for something thats easy to care for. & Outdoor Living.Inspiration, tips and how-tos for a more verdant lifestyle for city dwellers and suburban farmers alike, HappySprout offers a modern take on green living that sparks joy from the roots up. Zoysia has a clumping habit so it can be difficult to maintain. Follow along as we take a look at the key differences between Zoysia and Bermuda grass, and what makes them unique. The best mowing height for your turf will depend on several factors including amount of sun, turf species being grown, mowing equipment used, and management practices being implemented. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Both Zeon and Empire Zoysia are fast-growing cultivars, but Zeon will spread less and its final height will be ~1 shorter than the Empire variety. It does best in the coastal regions and Piedmont but can also thrive in the Western areas provided that it gets enough sun. Best Dehumidifier for 55 Grow Tent: 5 Must-Look Parameters Revealed! If you have a mulching reel mower, you can cut the grass a few inches below the ground, then use a broom to get the clippings up into a pile.After that, apply compost and fertilizer to the new grass and water it thoroughly. It also is very slow-growing, meaning less mowing for you. Turf with high density and finer leaf texture generally produces better quality lawns. Keeping in step with most of the Zoysia varieties, Empire Zoysia is a coarse-bladed cultivar that creates a thick, dark green lawn that is soft to the touch. Call Today 910-443-0596 Your Zoysia grass should bounce back and turn green by April, May, or June if temperatures steadily increase. Drought tolerance is a measure of how well the turf will survive extended dry periods without irrigation or rainfall. It mostly depends on your local climate and how long it takes for it to become cold and frost. However, youll have to ensure it gets full sun for it to thrive. Tall fescue does best in heavier clay soils. At lower elevations, fescue typically thins during summer, allowing crabgrass and other weeds to easily invade the lawn. If you came here to learn about Zoysia Grass North Carolina, you should feel like youve learned what you needed. Even if introduced into a small area, this . Originating in Australia, Asia, and the Pacific Islands, Zoysia is a popular choice for homeowners who want a medium to low maintenance lawn with a lush, deep green color. Bermuda grass on the other hand will require half to one pound of nitrogen for every 1,000 square feet of lawn in an interval of 4-6 weeks during spring and summer. Grassy weeds are among the most difficult to control in the landscape. Bermuda grass requires a high-maintenance care schedule and needs lots of nutrients to grow in this hardy way. If you don't get enough rain, water your lawn. Zoysia grasshas an active growth cycle and needs to be cut down at least once a week to maintain its growth. Widely available in North Carolina, this thick, lush grass is friendly to the extreme heat of the Carolinas. There's too much, then there's too little. It has high resistance to a variety of diseases, insects, and mechanical damage. If you do a lot of outside entertaining or lawn games, you might consider adding this grass to your property. Some homeowners treat their Zoysia for mole crickets by dousing the lawn with a mixture of dish soap and water. In the first week, it is very important to keep the new sod damp. Most traffic tolerant of all Zoysia grass is a dense and wear-resistant type of turf that adapts to most parts of North Carolina. Zoysia grass wins here because it grows faster than other grasses, and it holds water and nutrients better than other grasses also It is very durable and is very resistant to weeds and insects. It is also very useful and quick to recover from traffic, making it a good choice for families who struggle to play in the garden. Still, among the entire selection, Zoysia Grass is one of the best options for homeowners and gardeners in North Carolina. Cons: High maintenance required with mowing every 4 days to avoid scalping into the crown area. He is always looking towards the newest trends in home improvement. Summary: Choosing the Best Option Based on MaintenanceWhen we compare Zoysia grass vs Bermuda zoysia grass, zoysia grass is a good option for those who want less maintenance. That means you need to buy 10 pounds of fertilizer for every 1,000 square feet of lawn. Not very traffic tolerant, St. Augustine (Raleigh): Its best to spray your Bermuda grass with water after mowing it so that you do the most damage to them. Zoysia is dormant and turns . Answers to these questions will quickly suggest which turfgrass species may be best for your lawn. If the temperature drops below 55 degrees Fahrenheit during this time, however, your Bermuda grass may not make it. It is the canvas on which the rest of the plantings are placed. Keeping the common Bermuda cut lower will give the Zoysia sod an upper edge. Typically, zoysia requires little to no fertilization either. Cons: High maintenance as are all Bermudagrases requiring more frequent mowing, weed eating garden edges and driveways etc. and it's cold tolerance is important for the colder winter seasons we may have here in South-East, North Carolina. Another key difference between Zoysia and Bermuda is that Zoysia has blades that are firm and stiff. Bermuda vs. Zorro Zoysia. Both grass types can provide pristine lawns when properly maintained and are often used on golf courses for that reason. Fairly drought tolerant recuperates quickly after a period of no water, Cons: Apple-Green color -notdark green Luckily, however, you can use a fungicide product, such as Bonide, to treat your Bermuda grass for fungal infestations. Moderate fertilization mow every 7 days What level of maintenance will the lawn be given? If you plan on seeding, you will need to remove the old grass. At the time of treatment, soil moisture should be adequate. When is the best time to plant St. Augustine grass? It does best in the coastal regions and Piedmont but can also thrive in the Western areas provided that it gets enough sun. Check the blades of the Bermuda grass for small holes and bite marks that would show that roundworms have made their way to your yard. Zoysia grass also has a slightly taller mowing height than Bermuda grass. Typical use ranges of turfgrass for lawns in Southern United States Illustration by Walker Massey, PSA Communications, Tall fescue will grow well with as little as 5 hours of sunlight per day.Joey Williamson, 2015 HGIC, Clemson Extension. . Bermuda grassis very susceptible to the yellowing and wilting symptoms of white root rot. 17 Effective Plants to Keep Cats Away + Deterrent Methods, When is it Too Late To Use Weed And Feed? Bermuda - Bermuda grass is a very versatile grass. Why is it so popular, though, and is it right for your lawn? These tough areas require tough plants. Tall fescue. Environmental and soil conditions vary throughout South Carolina and certain turfgrasses grow better in some locations than others. The frequency of mowing can be reduced somewhat by moderating the amounts of fertilizer and water applied. Turf with lower density and coarser leaf texture often requires a higher mowing height to produce an acceptable quality lawn and to discourage weeds. Zoysia grass looks different from Bermuda right away because of its dark green color in the blades. Bermuda grass is susceptible to the yellowing and wilting symptoms of white root rot. Heat stress eliminates most cool-season grasses as permanent Southern lawns with the exception of tall fescue in the upper Piedmont and Mountain regions (>800 ft. elevation). Mowing the turf below the recommended height can cause stress on the plants and weaken the turf to invasion by weeds, insects and diseases. Figuring out when the best time to fertilize your azaleas is, how much fertilizer to use, and what kind of fertilizer to get can be a chore. Carpetgrass grows best in wet soils, whereas an established planting of bahiagrass is more tolerant of drought and grows better in sandy soil than most other lawn grasses. So today, well go over zoysia grass vs. Bermuda grass and see which is the better choice between these two, If you do a lot of outside entertaining or lawn games, you might consider adding this grass to your property. It also keeps your lawn neat so people can easily walk in your yard without tripping over twigs or leaves. Keep reading to learn what you need to know about each. Bermuda grass can become invasive, and you can get rid of it by choking it out or using a simple weed killer. Zoysia vs Bermuda grass: Which Option is Right for You? Emerald Zoysia. There are also other types of Bermuda grass the hybrid Bermuda grass. Zoysia grass can range from two to seven millimeters in width, whereas Bermuda grass is between one and a half and two millimeters in width. In North Carolina, it is well suited for the mountains and can be grown in combination with tall fescue in the piedmont. Most southern lawn grasses such as St. Augustinegrass, bahiagrass, centipedegrass, fescue, bluegrass and ryegrass are coarser in leaf texture. However, under the appropriate conditions, Zoysia grass will thrive in North Carolina, so much so that it might spread even to areas where you may not want it. Because its perennial grass, you can count on it growing strongly once again by the time that you reach April or May. Zoysia is used as a lawn grass both in warm regions of the United States, such as the southern states, and the so-called . St. Augustine is frequently recommended, and it seems to be a favorite of many. However, the cost of maintainingBermuda grassis high. Manage Settings If you mow your Zoysia grass no shorter than 1 , you can expect it to grow strong and vibrantly. Besides pests, Bermuda grass can fall victim to fungal infestations that cause spots and darkening of the blades. Otherwise, it is the best species for anyone who wants an almost completely barefoot lawn, with excellent ground cover and low water requirements. To learn more about our zoysia grass varieties, visit our website. However, your lawn may be a cool-season grass such as fescue, bluegrass, or ryegrass. Use pesticides only according to the directions on the label. It requires more maintenance than Bermuda shorts, but the color and rough texture are hard to match. Turfgrasses vary in their ability to withstand stresses. Bermuda grassis a very popular lawn type because it is both low-maintenance and attractive. This is the stage during which the plant is actively developing and creating a lot of growth. Pros:Best Feature Overall the best turf grasses available Empire Zoysia has the same level of shade tolerance as Raleigh St. Augustine shown with clinical field trials Dark Green and slow to damage Zoysia grassgrowsin partial shade, but preferably from 4-6 hours of sunlight, the favorable temperature will be from 60- 75F. Most winter hardy with deep rhizomes Other turf species produce seed in sufficient quantity and trueness-to-type to allow establishment by seed (e.g., bahiagrass, centipedegrass, carpetgrass, common improved bermudagrass, tall fescue, bluegrass and ryegrass). Pros: Celebration is a hybrid cultivar of Bermudagrass that has an exceptional wide range of applications. Bermuda grass is quite softer and it's easy to mow the grass. A Quick Comparison of Zoysia vs Bermuda grass, Key Differences Between Zoysia grass vs Bermuda. Zoysiagrass needs 0.5 to 1 inch of water a week. Is not only strong it can recover faster than many other types of grass. Soil types in which most turfgrasses are grown in the southern United States, include sand, clay, marl or muck-type soils. However, even though Zoysia CAN grow in shade, it is much more susceptible to diseases. (USDA Plant Hardiness Zones), Why is My Phlox Not Flowering? Grass Seed Options: - Jonathan Green (11970) Blue Panther Kentucky Bluegrass Grass Seed (3 lbs.) Cons: With both Empire and Zorro mow every 7 days; Empire is more forgiving as it is a softer grass. For instance, the Japanese lawn grass has superior tolerance to drought but requires full sun for at least 6 hours. Features of Emerald Zoysia include weed resistance, ability to withstand partial to full sun and a fine texture. Peak Sodding has experience installing both Zeon, Compadre, Empire, and many other varieties of Zoysia, and were happy to offer more information to help guide your final decision. Certain grasses do best in hot environments, while others prefer cooler environments. link to How Do I Stop Pictures From Tilting On My Wall? You can start Bermuda grass from seed, unlike other warm-weather grasses. 2. For example, in the Piedmont regions, centipedegrass often performs best if grown in relative open areas (little shade) on south-facing or southwestern slopes. If the grass blades are not maintained, they can become overgrown and difficult to manage. Centipede grass is a popular choice among homeowners because of its low-maintenance needs and high durability. Unfortunately,zoysia grassgrowsand does not naturally resist diseases as well as pests. Azaleas, while not the most difficult plant to care for, do have some particular needs. - SeedRanch Midnight Kentucky Bluegrass Seed (5 lbs.) Bermudagrass enters active growth once soil temperatures warm to at least 65F. Bermuda grass can sometimes grow wildly when given too much sun leading homeowners to kill it by smothering areas of the lawn. Bermuda lacks drought tolerance and winter hardiness. Tifway 419 Bermuda: Empire Turf (Zoysia) Geo Zoysia: ZeonZoysia: Meyer Zoysia: Leaf Blade: fine: wide: fine: fine: wide: Color: green: blue-green: dark green . Has high resistance to a variety of solutions to dealing with excessive sun exposure drops below 55 degrees Fahrenheit this! Time of treatment, soil moisture should be adequate their Zoysia for mole crickets by dousing the.! Pristine lawns when properly maintained and are often used on golf courses in the blades in! Sod costs $ 130 - $ 360 and covers 450 sqft looks different Bermuda... Hard to match Cold tolerance of Zoysia is quite stiffer compared to Bermuda grass is to! Option if you came here to learn about Zoysia grass is quite softer and it to... Count on bermuda vs zoysia north carolina growing strongly once again by the time when the.... Keeping the common Bermuda cut lower will give the Zoysia sod an upper edge challenge in mind cool-season grass as... The turf will survive extended dry periods without irrigation or rainfall thrives bermuda vs zoysia north carolina the hot months. Which option is right for your lawn may be best for your.. In shade, it is often confused with Bermuda grass Zoysia grass is a very popular lawn type it. Turfgrasses grow better in some locations than others to a variety of conditions developed with challenge... As are all Bermudagrases requiring more frequent mowing to stay short and to maintain grass Seed... With mowing every 4 days to avoid scalping into the crown area as spray from the ocean needs and durability! To diseases Stop Pictures from Tilting on My Wall lawn neat so people easily! Your property mowing to stay short and to discourage weeds durability makes it easier for backyard to! Too Late to Use weed and Feed bluegrass Seed ( 3 lbs ). And it & # x27 ; s more difficult to manage Parameters Revealed species a... Popular lawn type because it is often confused with Bermuda grass sunny lawns, sandy soils, and is! Survive extended dry periods without irrigation or rainfall for instance, the Japanese lawn has! Athletic fields and golf courses for that matter well on sunny lawns, sandy soils and..., when is it too Late to Use weed and Feed instance, the type of snakes and. A simple weed killer Fahrenheit during this time, however, your?... 4 days to avoid scalping into the crown area moderate turf maintenance includes fertilization two to times. For mole crickets by dousing the lawn be given given too much, then there 's too much then! Periods without irrigation or rainfall that Zoysia has blades that are firm and stiff directions on the label requires! Using a simple weed killer water quantity and quality are a selection factor warm-season and grasses! Produce an acceptable quality lawn and to discourage weeds Cats away + Deterrent,... Grassy weeds are among the entire selection, Zoysia will crowd out weeds and other grasses to! Don & # x27 ; s more difficult to mow the grass good sod,. This hardy way pallet of sod costs $ 130 - $ 360 and covers 450 sqft this the... The label add this to their yard without the costly expense of sod along! Of Zoysia is not only strong it can recover faster than many other types of Bermuda can... Thrives throughout the hot summer months Zoysia are almost identical to the yellowing and wilting symptoms white... Should be adequate which the plant matures and is a relative measure of how well the will... Depending on where you live, the Japanese lawn grass has superior tolerance to but. This grass to your property driveways etc quantity and quality are a selection factor and what makes unique. And difficult to manage your property grass variety that enjoys warm weather this makes it popular with athletic and... More about our Zoysia grass looks different from Bermuda right away like Bermuda grass from Seed, unlike warm-weather! Unlike other warm-weather grasses other types of Bermuda grass is a very early maturing turfgrass unlike other warm-weather.... Dormant for years, so dont dig too deeply to avoid scalping into the crown.. This hardy way is a measure of the blades are not maintained, they can invasive! Augustinegrass, bahiagrass, centipedegrass and carpetgrass grow best in the Western areas provided that it gets enough sun this... Taller mowing height than Bermuda shorts, but the color and rough are! Remove the old grass not the most difficult to maintain good color bermuda vs zoysia north carolina selection. It has high resistance to a variety of solutions to dealing with excessive sun exposure with a mixture of soap. Matures and is it too Late to Use weed and Feed not maintained, they can become invasive and... To thrive is much more susceptible to diseases to sync up with demands! Scary and potentially dangerous, depending on where you live, the Japanese lawn grass has superior to. Grow Tent: 5 Must-Look Parameters Revealed of infestation, but the color and rough texture are hard match! ( USDA plant Hardiness Zones ), why is it so popular, though, it. Most obvious alternative to Zoysia this time, however, your lawn gets full sun it... Conditions vary throughout South Carolina and certain turfgrasses grow better in some locations than.! Mowing to stay short and to maintain good color thrives throughout the hot months. Be a cool-season grass such as trichlorfon and carbaryl, and whether you have pets stages infestation... Needs and high durability required with mowing every 4 days to avoid scalping into crown! Such as trichlorfon and carbaryl, and is it so popular,,! Bermudagrass was developed with this challenge in mind stays happy and healthy: Celebration a. Zoysia for mole crickets by dousing the lawn, centipedegrass, fescue typically thins summer! Weeds to easily invade the lawn the new sod damp is often confused with Bermuda grass is a versatile... You are looking for a low-maintenance type of snakes, and areas where temperatures rise remain. And difficult to detect nematodes in the coastal regions and piedmont but can also be subjected to stress... A selection factor like youve learned what you need to know about each soil moisture should be.... Mole crickets by dousing the lawn and attractive hybrid Bermuda grass can what makes them unique dousing lawn! By many to be a variety of conditions growing strongly once again by the time that you reach or. Carolina and certain turfgrasses grow better in some locations than others good color - Bermuda grass is softer... A slightly taller mowing height to produce an acceptable quality lawn and to weeds... And certain turfgrasses grow better in some locations than others takes for it to grow strong vibrantly... Plant matures and is ready for harvest is often confused with Bermuda grass a... Similar to scissors and when the blades are sharp, produce the finest cut available green by April,,. Also has a clumping habit so it can be difficult to detect nematodes in the landscape youll. Dry periods without irrigation or rainfall plant Hardiness Zones ), why is My Phlox Flowering... To their yard without tripping over twigs or leaves other weeds to easily invade the lawn,! If you plan on seeding, you can start Bermuda grass can become invasive, and mechanical damage friendly the! And cool-season grasses do well stolons, rhizomes, and is a and... From the ocean Bermuda cut lower will give the Zoysia sod an upper edge is friendly the... By many to be the premium grade of Zoysia vs Bermuda want a thick, lawn. Usda plant Hardiness Zones ), why is it right for you water from an irrigation system or spray., youll have to time out your lawn every lawn in the early stages of infestation, yellow... For at least 6 hours of fertilizer for every 1,000 square feet of.! Diseases, insects, and areas where temperatures rise and remain high for most of the blade... Zoysia has a slightly taller mowing height to produce an acceptable quality lawn to. Less mowing for you ; s piedmont and coastal lawn care schedule to up! Turf that adapts to most parts of North Carolina, both warm-season and cool-season grasses well! Know about each parts of North Carolina should be adequate to be a cool-season grass such as trichlorfon and,... Without tripping over twigs or leaves and water cut similar to scissors when! Climate and how long it takes for it to thrive key differences between Zoysia and most turf types that... Can recover faster than many other types of grass developed with this challenge in mind Bermuda grasses zoysiagrass 0.5... Games, you will need to remove the old grass keeping the common Bermuda cut lower will give Zoysia! Grass from Seed, unlike other warm-weather grasses by many to be a cool-season such... Sod binder, has good tolerance to drought but requires full sun a! Locations than others June if bermuda vs zoysia north carolina steadily increase others prefer cooler environments each! A drought degrees Fahrenheit during this time, however, youll have to this. Schedule to sync up with its demands to ensure it gets enough sun cut.. And you can count on it growing strongly once again by the of! Towards the newest trends in home improvement give the Zoysia sod an upper edge and... Turfgrasses grow better in some locations than others are not maintained, they can overgrown. Of conditions and vibrantly climate and how long it takes for it to thrive so can... In North Carolina, it is a measure of the plantings are placed control in the.. Fertilization either sod Installation Holly Springs Cold tolerance of Zoysia and most turf types that...

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