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However, the Cross River Igbo state like the Aro had the greatest influence in Igboland and adjacent areas after the decline of Nri. Despite Borno's hegemony the Hausa states continued to wrestle for ascendancy. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. The Igl are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. Yar'Adua's Hausa-Fulani background gave him a political base in the northern regions of Nigeria, while Goodluck does not have the same ethnic and religious affiliations. Translated in Arabic as nahr al-anhur "river of rivers." updated on June 13, 2019 [42] Omissions? The modern city of Calabar was founded in 1786 by Efik families who had left Creek Town, farther up the Calabar river, settling on the east bank in a position where they were able to dominate traffic with European vessels that anchored in the river, and soon becoming the most powerful in the region extending from now Calabar down to Bakkasi in the East and Oron Nation in the West. Gradually they moved eastward, first into the centers of the Mali and Songhai empires and eventually into Hausaland and Borno. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC 5th century AD; terracotta; 38cm (1ft. 3 in. The monarch of Nigeria was still head of state but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, executive power in a prime minister and cabinet, and judicial authority in a Federal Supreme Court. [67] From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. The neighboring Awka city-state rose in power as a result of their powerful Agbala oracle and metalworking expertise. General Muhammadu Buhari was declared the winner of the 2015 presidential elections. The Igala are an ethnic group of Nigeria. Flag. Nok artwork; 5th century BC 5th century AD; length: 50cm (19.6in. Archaeological research, pioneered by Charles Thurstan Shaw, has shown a long history of human settlement in Nigeria. It arose at the University of Ibadan in the 1950s and remained dominant until the 1970s. Breunig, Peter. The area was formerly the Igala Division of Kabba province, and is now part of Kogi State. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. [50], The Kingdom of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture and the oldest Kingdom in Nigeria. [70] South of Kano the mixed soils contain locally derived granite and loess (wind-borne deposits). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Large freshwater swamps give way to brackish mangrove thickets near the seacoast. The greatest and the well-known empire that ruled the region before the British arrived was the Benin Empire whose ruler was known as Oba of Benin. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. "Africa's most populous country (population estimated at 48 million) is in the throes of a highly complex internal crisis rooted in its artificial origin as a British dependency containing over 250 diverse and often antagonistic tribal groups. The royal stool of Olu of warri was founded by an Igala prince. General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Federal Military Government (FMG) is the accepted national leader and his popularity has grown since the end of the war. Daily . - Offers a view of one of the main sources of income for the country. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. Nigeria as a nation has a rich and complex history which can be traced to when it first became a British protectorate in 1901. [86] The ensuing Nigerian Civil War resulted in an estimated 3.5 million deaths (mostly from starving children) before the war ended with Gowon's famous "No victor, no vanquished" speech in 1970. Jack McCaslin is a . The mouth of this head is slightly open. The Iron Age Nok civilization of northern Nigeria dates back to about 1,500 BC, with evidence of settled life in the environs of Kaduna. [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. Aro and Abiriba cooperated to become a powerful economic force.[64]. There is a huge gap between the archaeological finds of Igbo Ukwu, which reveal a rich material culture in the heart of the Igbo region in the 8th century, and the oral traditions of the 20th century. [16], The Hausa Kingdoms were first mentioned by Ya'qubi in the 9th century and they were by the 15th-century vibrant trading centers competing with KanemBornu and the Mali Empire. [15][16][17] Shaw's excavations at Igbo-Ukwu revealed a 9th-century indigenous culture that created highly sophisticated work in bronze metalworking, independent of Arab or European influence and centuries before other sites that were better known at the time of discovery. He was assassinated on 13 February 1976 in an abortive coup and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo became head of state. Their capital city was situated about 100km north of present-day Oyo. [20], The Nok culture thrived from approximately 1,500 BC to about 200 AD on the Jos Plateau in north and central Nigeria and produced life-sized terracotta figures that include human heads, human figures, and animals. In the 1959 elections held in preparation for independence, the NPC captured 134 seats in the 312-seat parliament. E. Elochukwu Uzukwu [48] With the country sliding into chaos Defense Minister Sani Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan's resignation on 17 November 1993. [8] From the 15th century, European slave traders arrived in the region to purchase enslaved Africans as part of the Atlantic slave trade, which started in the region of modern-day Nigeria; the first Nigerian port used by European slave traders was Badagry, a coastal harbour. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . One of the first sub-Saharan African countries to achieve this feat, Nigeria, which at the time had over 250 minor ethnic groups and three major ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba), was poised to be a shining example on the continent. Unlike the forest-bound Yoruba kingdoms, Oyo was in the savanna and drew its military strength from its cavalry forces, which established hegemony over the adjacent Nupe and the Borgu kingdoms and thereby developed trade routes farther to the north. Opposition leaders formed the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), which campaigned to reconvene the Senate and other disbanded democratic institutions. [43] The Fulani began to enter the Hausa country in the 13th century and by the 15th century, they were tending cattle, sheep, and goats in Borno as well. [41] They are called the Banza Bakwai meaning Bastard or Bogus Seven on account of their ancestress' slave status.[41]. The need to protect its commercial interests compelled Borno to intervene in Kanem, which continued to be a theatre of war throughout the 15th century and into the 16th century. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and kotonkarfe Local government all in Kogi state. [citation needed] The Songhai Empire also occupied part of the region. Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. Cotton grew readily in the great plains of these states, and they became the primary producers of cloth, weaving and dying it before sending it off in caravans to the other states within Hausaland and to extensive regions beyond. Archaeological findings in Ile-Ife prove to feature a high level of artistic skills in the 12th-14th century era. Nigerias major soil zones conform to geographic location. A student reacts during a parade to commemorate Nigeria's 55th Independence Day in Lagos, October 1, 2015. [101], In the 2007 general election, Umaru Yar'Adua and Goodluck Jonathan, both of the People's Democratic Party, were elected president and Vice President, respectively. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Abiriba and Aro are Brothers whose migration is traced to the Ekpa Kingdom, East of Cross River, their exact take of location was at Ekpa (Mkpa) east of the Cross River. [62][63], The Arochukwu kingdom emerged after the Aro-Ibibio Wars from 1630 to 1720, and went on to form the Aro Confederacy which economically dominated Eastern Nigerian hinterland. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. Its scholars also wrote the textbooks that were used at all levels of the Nigerian education system for many years. The country has abundant natural resources, notably large deposits of petroleum and natural gas. The Lake Chad basin and the coastal areas, including the Niger River delta and the western parts of the Sokoto region in the far northwest, are underlain by soft, geologically young sedimentary rocks. In the early 15th century, white men came to Nigeria to explore. The period of British rule lasted until 1960 when an independence movement led to the country being granted independence. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. The military Provisional Ruling Council (PRC) under Abubakar commuted the sentences of those accused in the alleged coup during the Abacha regime and released almost all known civilian political detainees. Kanem expanded westward to include the area that became Borno. The earliest iron technology in West Africa has also been found to be contemporary with or predate that of the Nile valley and North Africa, and some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was likely developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa.[30][29]. Nok male head; 550-50 BC; terracotta; Brooklyn Museum (New York City, USA). The Soviet Union benefits from Nigerian appreciation of its help during the war, but is not trying for control. This was especially true after the founding of the Institute for African Studies that brought together experts from many disciplines. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. But Benin's fame is based on factors other than power. In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. [66] Igbo people formed the majority of enslaved Africans which were sold as slaves from Calabar, despite forming a minority among the ethnic groups in the region. For local elections, nine parties were granted provisional registration with three fulfilling the requirements to contest the following elections. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. 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