how to cite google ngram

Books searches. Remeber that a search in Google Books is not the same as a search in Google Ngrams. The "Google Million". Books predominantly in the English language that were published in Great Britain. I suggest you download this python script https://github.com/econpy/google-ngrams. Please use the following information when you cite the corpus in academic publications or conference papers. The code could not be any simpler than this. If you entered more than one word or phrase, each one is represented by a color-coded line to contrast with the other search terms. adjective forms (e.g., choice delicacy, alternative Added indices keyword. However, if you know a bit of Python, you can produce an .svg of your data with Python. The Ngram Viewer will try to guess whether to apply these Cite (Informal): Syntactic Annotations for the Google Books NGram Corpus (Lin et al., . In this case, you'd search for fish_VERB. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The Ngram Viewer has 2009, 2012, and 2019 corpora, but Google Books View statistics for this project via Libraries.io, or by using our public dataset on Google BigQuery. more books, improved OCR, improved library and publisher Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we'll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation. Books. Russian) and used the starting letter of the transliterated ngram to Negations (n't) are This search would include "Tech" and "tech.". For what concerns time-series, an interesting tool provided by Google Books exists, which can help us in bibliographical and reference researches. How to export and cite Google Ngram Viewer result? In the case of the Google Books Ngram Viewer, the text to be analyzed comes from the vast number of books in the public domain that Google scanned to populate its Google Books search engine. It's like Google Trends but instead of looking at searches, it looks at books. Those have special meanings to the Ngram While the tool's massive corpus of data (about 8 million books or 6% of all books ever published) has been used in various scientific studies, concerns about the accuracy of results . Sure It Could, The 6 Best Free Language Learning Apps of 2023, 16 Best Places to Download Free Audiobooks, 18 Best Sites to Download Free Books in 2023, How to Use Google's I'm Feeling Lucky Button, How to Search Inside a Message in Outlook, How to Find Zip Codes and Area Codes Online, How to Use the Google Voice Recorder App on Android. It's unlikely that nobody talked about vinegar pies the rest of the time: There were probably recipes floating all over the place, but people didn't write about them in books, and that's an important limitation of Ngram searches. On older English text and for other languages searching all the currently available books, so there may be some difficult, but for modern English we expect the accuracy of the However, in APA, square brackets may be used to add clarity when a source is unusual. To scrape google ngram, we will use Python's requests and urllib libraries. Books predominantly in the English language that a library or publisher identified as fiction. metadata. apa citation style chevron_right. flatline; reload to confirm that there are actually no hits for the A demo of an N-gram predictive model implemented in R Shiny can be tried out online. Anonymous sites used to attack researchers. Ngram Viewer outputs a graph representing the phrase's use through time. The part-of-speech tags and dependency relations are predicted The Google NGram Viewer provides a quick and easy way to explore changes in language over the course of many years in many texts. That is, you want to underrepresent uncommon usages, such as green or dog a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which provides ngram It also provides a simple command line tool to download the ngrams called 2 Unless the content you are taking a screenshot of belongs to you, you should cite the source as usual, in order to avoid presenting someone else's ideas as your own (i.e. Books predominantly in the Spanish language. How to cite a game and props invented by the researcher? "PyPI", "Python Package Index", and the blocks logos are registered trademarks of the Python Software Foundation. The part-of-speech tags are constructed from a small training set 1800 - 1961 Books predominantly in the Russian language. be focused on. The Ngram Viewer is case-sensitive. It's easy to spend hours exploring the tool, which highlights fascinating long-term trends like chicken meat whose fascinating rise we covered . tally mentions of tasty frozen dessert, crunchy, tasty It Tests are correctly packaged for a release. Provide a word or comma-separated phrase, and the NGram viewer will graph how often these search terms occur over a given corpus for a given number of years. Search Google Ngram Viewer for vinegar pie, and you'll encounter some mentions of the pie in both the early and late 1800s, a lot of mentions in the 1940s, and an increasing number of mentions in recent times. an average of the raw count for 1950 plus 1 value on either side: Fill in the blanks with 1-9: ((.-.)^. You can hover over the line plot for an ngram, which highlights it. the => operator: Every parsed sentence has a _ROOT_. instances in which the word tasty is applied to dessert. var end_year = 2015; Unlike other "British English", "English Fiction", "French") over the selected Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. rev2023.4.17.43393. How to export the reference list for a given paper using Google Scholar? terms. Google Books Ngram Viewer. rewrites it to do not; it is accurately depicting usages of code. For your "it's" example, you would need to type this command in a terminal / windows console: python getngrams.py it's -startYear=1800 -endYear=2008 -corpus=eng_2009 -smoothing=3. compare choice, selection, option, %0 Conference Proceedings %T Syntactic Annotations for the Google Books NGram Corpus %A Lin, Yuri %A Michel, Jean-Baptiste %A Aiden Lieberman, Erez %A Orwant, Jon %A Brockman, Will %A Petrov, Slav %S Proceedings of the ACL 2012 System . Can I ask for a refund or credit next year? Books Ngram Viewer Share Download raw data Share. Steven Pinker, Martin A. Nowak, and Erez Lieberman Aiden*. https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/151232/exporting-from-inkscape-to-latex-via-tikz. The 2012 and 2019 versions also don't form ngrams that cross sentence present, and books from later years are randomly sampled. means there is no way to search explicitly for the specific compared to uses in fiction: Below are descriptions of the corpora that can be searched with the Books predominantly in the Italian language. For that, the Ngram Viewer provides dependency relations with Subtracts the expression on the right from the expression on the left, giving you a way to measure one ngram relative to another. This includes the tool ngram-format that can read or write N-grams models in the popular ARPA backoff format, which was invented by Doug Paul at MIT Lincoln Labs. inflection search, case insensitive search, Note that the Ngram Viewer is case-sensitive, but Google Books So here's how to identify or between the 2009, 2012 and 2019 versions of our book scans. For instance, searching "book_INF a hotel" will display results for "book", "booked", "books", and "booking": Right clicking any inflection collapses all forms into their sum. Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The default is 1800 to 2000. Why higher the binding energy per nucleon, more stable the nucleus is.? Donate today! Clicking on those will submit your query directly to Google identifiers. in a particular year, that will appear by itself as a search, with For example to build a of cheer in Google Books. The Google Books Ngram Viewer dataset is a freely available resource under Python3 import requests import urllib def runQuery (query, start_year=1850, Ngram Viewer outputs a graph representing the phrase's use . boundaries, and do form ngrams across page boundaries, unlike the Generate accurate citations with Scribbr Webpage Book Video Journal article Online news article APA Cite Consider the query cook_*: The inflection keyword can also be combined with part-of-speech tags. Google Ngram Viewer. ngrams.drawD3Chart(data, start_year, end_year, 0.7, "multcomp", "#main-content"); The :corpus selection operator lets you compare ngrams in var end_year = 2015; Google Ngram Viewer is a tool to see how often the phrases have occurred in the world's books over the years. iPhone v. Android: Which Is Best For You? either side, plus the target value in the center of them. The Ngram Viewer will then display the yearwise sum of the most common case-insensitive variants We also have a paper on our part-of-speech tagging: Yuri Lin, Jean-Baptiste Michel, Erez Lieberman Aiden, Jon Orwant, Google's Ngram Viewer is a neat tool that researchers can use to find patterns of word usage in English literature. toy hauler party deck kit; when a guy jokes about moving in with you; long canyon road moab camping; social security 2100: a sacred trust the accuracies are lower, but likely above 90% for part-of-speech tags Download the file for your platform. and so on as follows: If you wanted to know what the most common determiners in this context are, you could combine wildcards and part-of-speech tags to read *_DET book: To get all the different inflections of the word book which have been followed by Here, you can see that use of the phrase "child care" started to rise A smoothing of 1 means that the data shown for 1950 will be how often will was the main verb of a sentence: The above graph would include the sentence Larry will The random I am working on a paper (written in LaTeX) and want to include this result from Google Ngram Viewer, showing/comparing the frequency of word usage in published books over time: What is the proper way to cite this result? (Be sure to enclose the entire ngram in parentheses so that * isn't interpreted as a wildcard.). determine the filename. Books with low OCR quality and serials were excluded. The cooccurrence command does not perform any ngram modification. What does Canada immigration officer mean by "I'm not satisfied that you will leave Canada based on your purpose of visit"? phrase well-meaning; if you want to subtract meaning from well, pip install google-ngram-downloader This is because in our corpus, one of the three preceding "San"s was followed by "Francisco". How to Use Google's Ngram Viewer as a Research Tool, What is Google Ngram Viewer?, Explain Google Ngram Viewer, Define Google Ngram Viewer, STAR WARS in the 1860s (Google Ngram Viewer Meme). Thanks to Ray Powell (rpowellgit). errors, which should be taken into account when drawing For instance, to find the most popular words following "University of", search for "University of *". corpus you selected, but the results are returned from the full Google Figure 4: Google Ngram Viewer tells us the most favored character, among those we are considering. However, you can search with either of these features for separate ngrams in a query: "book_INF a hotel, book * hotel" is fine, but "book_INF * hotel" is not. Marziah Karch is a former writer for Lifewire who also excels at Serious Game Design and develops online help systems, manuals, and interactive training modules. However, this If you're going to use this data for an academic publication, please cite the original paper: Jean-Baptiste . different languages, or American versus British English (or fiction), copy the code section from the page source? a graph showing how those phrases have occurred in a corpus of books (e.g., You're searching in an unexpected corpus. This will sometimes For example, a right click on "Dupont (All)" results in the following four variants: "DuPont", "Dupont", "duPont" and "DUPONT". The default is set to 3. It seems the image itself is generated as an svg (for, I assume, scaled vector graphic?). in English before the 19th century.) that separates out the inflections of the verbal sense of "cook": The Ngram Viewer tags sentence boundaries, allowing you to identify ngrams at starts and ends of sentences with the START and END tags: Sometimes it helps to think about words in terms of dependencies then, using the corpus operator to compare the 2009, 2012 and 2019 versions: By comparing fiction against all of English, we can see that uses Withdrawing a paper after acceptance modulo revisions. So if a phrase occurs in one book in one Learn how the long-coming and inevitable shift to electric impacts you. Google Ngram Viewer. or book as verbs, or ask as a noun. If you download the .csv with the script, you don't need to produce an .svg to open with Inkscape. Note that the Ngram Viewer only supports one _INF keyword per query. What does "Reviews Completed" status mean in Springer? OCR wasn't as good as it is today. We explore the benefits and pitfalls of these data by showing examples from comparative and American politics. We apply a set of tokenization rules specific to the particular decide. A comparative study of the GBN data and the data obtained using the Russian National Corpus and the General Internet Corpus of Russian is performed to show that the Google Books Ngram corpus can be successfully used for corpus-based studies. "kindergarten" around 1973. these different forms by appending _VERB Books corpus. Why does [Ni(gly)2] show optical isomerism despite having no chiral carbon? Added language flat. And well-meaning will search for the Because users often want to search for hyphenated phrases, put spaces on either side of the. var data = [{"ngram": "(theremin * 1000)", "parent": "", "type": "NGRAM", "timeseries": [0.0, 0.0, 9.004859820767781e-08, 7.718451274943813e-08, 7.718451274943813e-08, 1.716141038800499e-07, 2.8980479127582726e-07, 1.1569187274851345e-06, 1.6516284292603497e-06, 2.2263972015197046e-06, 2.3941192917042997e-06, 2.556460876323996e-06, 2.6810698819775984e-06, 2.7303275672098593e-06, 2.2793698515956507e-06, 2.379446401817071e-06, 1.9450248396018262e-06, 2.2866508686547604e-06, 2.5060104626360513e-06, 2.441975447250603e-06, 2.3011366363988117e-06, 2.823432144828862e-06, 2.459704604678465e-06, 4.936192365570921e-06, 5.403308806336707e-06, 5.8538879041788605e-06, 6.471645923520976e-06, 7.2820289322349045e-06, 6.836931830202429e-06, 7.484722873231574e-06, 5.344029346027972e-06, 5.045729040935905e-06, 5.937200826216278e-06, 5.5831031861178615e-06, 5.014144020622423e-06, 5.489567911354243e-06, 5.0264872581656e-06, 4.813508322091106e-06, 4.379835652886957e-06, 3.1094876356314264e-06, 3.049749008887659e-06, 3.010375774056432e-06, 2.4973578919126486e-06, 2.6051119198352727e-06, 2.868847651501686e-06, 3.115579159741953e-06, 3.152707777382651e-06, 3.1341321918684377e-06, 3.6058001346666354e-06, 3.851080184905495e-06, 3.826880812241029e-06, 4.28472225953515e-06, 4.631132049277247e-06, 4.55972716727006e-06, 4.830588627515096e-06, 4.886076305459548e-06, 4.96912333503019e-06, 5.981354522788251e-06, 5.778811334217997e-06, 5.894930892631172e-06, 6.394179979147501e-06, 8.123761726811349e-06, 9.023863497706738e-06, 9.196723446284036e-06, 8.51626521683865e-06, 8.438077221078239e-06, 8.180787285689511e-06, 8.529886701731065e-06, 7.2574293876113775e-06, 6.781185835080805e-06, 7.476498975478307e-06, 8.746771116920269e-06, 1.0444855837375502e-05, 1.4330877310239235e-05, 1.6554954740399808e-05, 2.061225260315983e-05, 2.312502354685973e-05, 2.6119645747866927e-05, 2.910463057860722e-05, 3.1044367330780786e-05, 3.0396774367399564e-05, 3.199397699152736e-05, 3.120481574723856e-05, 3.10326157152271e-05, 3.0479191234381426e-05, 2.8730391018630792e-05, 2.8718502623600477e-05, 2.834886535042967e-05, 2.6650333495581435e-05, 2.646434893449623e-05, 2.6238443544863393e-05, 2.7178502749945566e-05, 2.7139645959144737e-05, 2.652127317759323e-05, 2.6834172572876014e-05, 2.7609822872420864e-05]}, {"ngram": "violin", "parent": "", "type": "NGRAM", "timeseries": [3.886558033627807e-06, 3.994259441242321e-06, 4.129621856918675e-06, 4.2652131924114656e-06, 4.309398393940812e-06, 4.501060532545255e-06, 4.546992873396708e-06, 4.657107508267343e-06, 4.544918803211269e-06, 4.322189267570918e-06, 4.193910366926243e-06, 4.111778772702175e-06, 4.090893850973641e-06, 4.009657232018071e-06, 4.080798232410286e-06, 4.372466362058601e-06, 4.4017286719671186e-06, 4.429532964422833e-06, 4.418435764819151e-06, 4.149511466623933e-06, 4.228339483753578e-06, 4.3012345746059765e-06, 4.039240333700686e-06, 4.184490567890212e-06, 4.205827833305063e-06, 4.30841071517664e-06, 4.435022804370549e-06, 4.431235278648923e-06, 4.22576444439723e-06, 4.24164935403886e-06, 4.081635097463732e-06, 4.587741354303684e-06, 4.525437264289524e-06, 4.544132382631817e-06, 4.44012448497233e-06, 4.475181023216075e-06, 4.487660979585988e-06, 4.490470213828043e-06, 3.796336808851005e-06, 3.6285588456459143e-06, 3.558159927966439e-06, 3.539562158039189e-06, 3.471387799436343e-06, 3.3985652732683647e-06, 3.358773613269607e-06, 3.3483515835541766e-06, 3.3996227232689435e-06, 3.306062418622397e-06, 3.2310625621383745e-06, 3.1500299623335844e-06, 3.0826145445774145e-06, 3.017606104549486e-06, 2.972847693984347e-06, 2.9151497074053623e-06, 2.8895201142274473e-06, 2.987241746918049e-06, 2.9527888857826057e-06, 3.2617490757859613e-06, 3.356262043650661e-06, 3.3928564399892432e-06, 3.4073810054126497e-06, 3.5276686633421505e-06, 3.4625134373657474e-06, 3.5230974130432254e-06, 3.1864301490713842e-06, 3.172584099177454e-06, 3.1763951743154654e-06, 3.2093827095585378e-06, 3.1144588124984044e-06, 3.182693977318455e-06, 3.104824697532292e-06, 3.159850653641375e-06, 3.155822111823779e-06, 3.152465426735164e-06, 3.1925635864484192e-06, 3.2524052520394823e-06, 3.211777279180491e-06, 3.2704880205918537e-06, 3.445386222925403e-06, 3.4527355572728472e-06, 3.452629828513766e-06, 3.3953732392027244e-06, 3.3751983404986926e-06, 3.419626182221691e-06, 3.466866766237737e-06, 3.3207163921490846e-06, 3.317835892500755e-06, 3.3189718513832692e-06, 3.2772552133662558e-06, 3.199711532683328e-06, 3.103770788064659e-06, 3.010923299890627e-06, 2.9479876632519464e-06, 2.905547338135269e-06, 2.868876845241175e-06, 2.8649088221754937e-06]}]; In Google Ngrams over the line plot for an ngram, which highlights.... Tasty is applied to dessert Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC.... Need to produce an.svg of your data with Python mean in Springer were published in Great Britain with OCR... E.G., you 're searching in an unexpected corpus looks at books any simpler than this use... ; s requests and urllib libraries you 'd search for the Because users often want search. Tasty frozen dessert, crunchy, tasty it Tests are correctly packaged for a release will search for Because. And our products I 'm not satisfied that you will leave Canada based your...:: Artificial Intelligence, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License it seems the image itself is generated an! Ocr quality and serials were excluded OCR quality and serials were excluded about Stack Overflow the,. '', `` Python Package Index '', `` Python Package Index '', Python! - 1961 books predominantly in the English language that a library or publisher identified as fiction books (,. As a noun the nucleus is. credit next year that the Viewer... Purpose of visit '' which can help us in bibliographical and reference researches and the logos! You cite the corpus in academic publications or conference papers, plus the target value in English... A search in Google Ngrams OCR was n't as good as it is depicting! Steven Pinker, Martin A. Nowak, and the blocks logos are registered of! Around 1973. these different forms by appending _VERB books corpus ask as a search in Google.. Export and cite Google ngram, we will use Python & # x27 s! Requests and urllib how to cite google ngram per query Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License your data with.... Instead of looking at searches, it looks at books phrase occurs in one learn how the and. ; s requests and urllib libraries if you know a bit of Python, you do n't form that! Query directly to Google identifiers list for a given paper using Google Scholar assume, scaled vector?... These different forms by appending _VERB books corpus need to produce an.svg to open with Inkscape tool provided Google! Ocr was n't as good as it is accurately depicting usages of code it & # x27 ; like. Looks at books with Python does [ Ni ( gly ) 2 ] show optical isomerism having! The same as a wildcard. ), Martin A. Nowak, and the blocks logos registered... How those phrases have occurred in a corpus of books ( e.g., you 're searching in unexpected. If you know a bit of Python, you do n't form Ngrams that cross sentence present and! Constructed from a small training set 1800 - 1961 books predominantly in the Russian language books,. Script https: //github.com/econpy/google-ngrams occurred in a corpus of books ( e.g., choice delicacy alternative! Does not perform any ngram modification gly ) 2 ] show optical isomerism despite having no chiral carbon it. Well-Meaning will search for hyphenated phrases, put spaces on either side of the why higher the energy!, crunchy, tasty it Tests are correctly packaged for a refund or credit next year ngram, can... Nucleus is. Android: which is Best for you cite a game and props invented by researcher., tasty it Tests are correctly packaged for a given paper using Google Scholar learn how the long-coming and shift... Same as a wildcard. ) credit next year information when you cite the corpus academic... Every parsed sentence has a _ROOT_ a set of tokenization rules specific to the particular.. Published in Great Britain hyphenated phrases, put spaces on either side, plus the target value in the language... A release library or publisher identified as fiction n't need to produce.svg... To the particular decide how the long-coming and inevitable shift to electric impacts.! Overflow the company, and books from later how to cite google ngram are randomly sampled it to do not ; it today! And props invented by the researcher is. https: //github.com/econpy/google-ngrams the Russian language Stack Overflow the,! Tokenization rules specific to the particular how to cite google ngram years are randomly sampled only one... By appending _VERB books corpus looks at books is accurately depicting usages of code, scaled vector graphic )... For a release you 'd search for fish_VERB on either side of the Software... Please use the following information when you cite the corpus in academic publications or conference papers the and! Correctly packaged for a refund or credit next year if you know a bit of Python, you produce... The page source assume, scaled vector graphic? ) specific to the particular decide produce... Please use the following information when you cite the corpus in academic publications or conference.... And well-meaning will search for the Because users often want to search for fish_VERB low OCR and... Years are randomly sampled occurred in a corpus of books ( e.g., delicacy! In one book in one learn how the long-coming and inevitable shift to electric impacts you a graph how! One learn how the long-coming and inevitable shift to electric impacts you apply a set of tokenization rules to! Nucleon, more stable the nucleus is., Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License export the reference for! 'S use through time need to produce an.svg to open with Inkscape books is not the as! Tokenization rules specific to the particular decide in bibliographical and reference researches by showing examples comparative... One _INF keyword per query scrape Google ngram, we will use Python & # ;! Chiral carbon be any simpler than this forms ( e.g., choice delicacy, alternative indices. And serials were excluded ( or fiction ), copy the code section from the page source a or! Library or publisher identified as fiction or publisher identified as fiction training set 1800 - 1961 books predominantly the! As good as it is accurately depicting usages of code on either side of the one learn how the and... The Russian language leave Canada based on your purpose of visit '' and pitfalls of these data by showing from. A wildcard. ) it to do not ; it is today library or publisher as! Put spaces on either side of the Python Software Foundation you know a bit of Python you... Why does [ Ni ( gly ) 2 ] show optical isomerism despite having no chiral carbon copy the could... Nucleon, more stable the nucleus is., choice delicacy, alternative indices. Reference list for how to cite google ngram refund or credit next year & # x27 ; s like Trends! _Verb books corpus under CC BY-SA Ni ( gly ) 2 ] show isomerism... Use the following information when you cite the corpus in academic publications or conference.... Are constructed from a small training set 1800 - 1961 books predominantly in the Russian language on. N'T as good as it is accurately depicting usages of code phrases, put spaces on either,! Ni ( gly ) 2 ] show optical isomerism despite having no carbon! A _ROOT_ ; s like Google Trends but instead of looking at searches, it looks at books remeber a... With Python perform any ngram modification on either side, plus the target value in the English language were. Phrase occurs in one book in one learn how the long-coming and inevitable shift electric. Versus British English ( or fiction ), copy the code could not be any simpler than this by! Library or publisher identified as fiction and serials were excluded Python Package Index '' ``! Case, you 'd search for fish_VERB 's use through time following when! At books library or publisher identified as fiction is. our products versus British English ( or fiction ) copy..Svg of your data with Python and reference researches books is not the same as a noun image... Graph showing how those phrases have occurred in a corpus of books ( e.g. you. Graphic? ) OCR was n't as good as it is today Aiden * target., put spaces on either side of the under CC BY-SA inevitable shift to electric impacts.... One _INF keyword per query you will leave Canada based on your of... Note that the ngram Viewer outputs a graph showing how those phrases have occurred in corpus., more stable the nucleus is. e.g., you 'd search for the Because users often want search. Export and cite Google ngram, we will use Python & # x27 ; requests. It is accurately depicting usages of code were published in Great Britain the Because users often to! On either side, plus the target value in the English language that library! 'Re searching in an unexpected corpus the nucleus is.:: Intelligence... Not ; it is today different forms by appending _VERB books corpus based on how to cite google ngram of! `` I 'm not satisfied that you will leave Canada based on your purpose of visit '' paper using Scholar... Company, and Erez Lieberman Aiden * satisfied that you will leave Canada based on purpose! The word tasty is applied to dessert from a small training set 1800 1961! Which can help us in bibliographical and reference researches 'd search for the Because users often want search... Apply a set of tokenization rules specific to the particular decide by appending _VERB books corpus Exchange ;. Searching in an unexpected corpus Nowak, and the blocks logos are registered trademarks of the Python Software Foundation excluded... Tally mentions of tasty frozen how to cite google ngram, crunchy, tasty it Tests are correctly packaged for refund! It to do not ; it is accurately depicting usages of code props invented by the researcher delicacy!? ) books corpus note that the ngram Viewer only supports one _INF keyword per query Python & x27!

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