This lamp applies simply to AC supply. Full-size fluorescent lamp fixture. The application areas include roads, tunnels, streets, sports complexes, car parks, etc. As the lamp heats to this point, the arc fails, and the lamp goes out. Although these provide better energy efficiency than the standard A-type bulb, these lamps consume significant amounts of energy (typically drawing 300 to 600 W) and become very hot (a 300-W tubular tungsten-halogen bulb reaches a temperature of about 2600 C compared to about 600 C for a compact fluorescent bulb). Thanks for reading. Ballasts require energy, and for some type of ballasts, efficiency is only achieved if the fluorescent lamp is left on for long periods of time without frequent on-off cycles. There are three main types of HID lamps: mercury vapor, metal halide and sodium. These lamps are similar to mercury vapor lamps in several ways, but these lamps contain more gaseous components along with mercury vapor. The disadvantages of sodium vapor lamps include the following. Single ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and a metal cap. Sodium vapor lamps emit yellow color because it uses sodium (Na) in an exciting condition to generate light at near 589 nm characteristic wavelength. Table 6.3.1. Earlier LPS lamps had a detachable dewar jacket (SO lamps). Mercury and sodium vapors in the ceramic arc tube produce a yellow/orange light with extremely high LPW performance and exceptionally long service life (up to 40,000 hours). Difference between Sodium Vapor Lamp and Mercury Lamp. 1.The light in Sodium Vapour lamp is from an atomic emission process whereas in Mercury Vapour Lamp it is, finally, from fluorescence emission. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas ( argon, neon, krypton, and xenon) or a mixture of these gases. These lamps are broadly used for airports, goods yards, lighting of roads, etc. The lamp starting is achieved by a high voltage pulse from an electronic igniter circuit which ceases to function once the main arc has been struck. Depending on the temperature of the filament, radiation is emitted from the filament. This process of restriking takes between 5 and 15 minutes, depending on which HID source is being used. LED energy consumption. 2. Lewis Latimer has perfected it with the use of carbon filament. The lamp often continues operating normally, but much of the light generated is obscured by the sodium coating, providing no illumination. A halogen lamp consists of a tungsten filament, which is sealed with a compact transparent envelop and filled with an inert gas and small amount of halogen (bromine or iodine). A current is passed through the fine tungsten filament which raises it temperature to around 3000oC and when it becomes incandescent, it starts to glow. Metal Halide Lighting. Alabama Power. [12] Further improvement was attained by coating the glass envelope with an infrared reflecting layer of indium tin oxide, resulting in SOX lamps. The arc tube includes high pressure for higher efficiency. A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength near 589nm. It ranges from fewer grades to high grades. Much of this high output is lost to the human eye; because of their amber light color these lamps appear dimmer than they actually are. Therefore, most mercury vapor lamps have a phosphor coating that alters the color temperature and improves color rendering to some extent. The low-pressure sodium lamp is also known as a SOX lamp. Sulphur lamps usually have a yellow tint to the light and Mercury and MH are whiter. High-pressure sodium lamps render colors poorly, which tends to limit their use to outdoor and industrial applications where high efficacy and long life are priorities. The primary visual difference between them is that metal halide light is white and the light emitted from a High Pressure Sodium bulb is amber orange. Reflector lamps (Type R) are designed to spread light over specific areas. Applications. These bulbs are highly efficient compared to incandescent bulbs. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are miniaturized fluorescent lamps that usually have premium phosphors which often come packaged with integral or modular ballast, as shown in Figure 6.3.6. It has the lowest thermal conductivity and lowest ionization potential of all the stable noble gases. This counterbalance is often an iron-core inductor coil (choke), but special transformers and electric regulator counterbalance circuits are also used. The mercury arc produces a bluish light that renders colors poorly. Cool white (4100 K) is the most common fluorescent lamp color. [14] This high efficiency is partly due to the light emitted being at a wavelength near the peak sensitivity of the human eye. [13], LPS lamps are among the most efficient electrical light sources when measured in photopic lighting conditions, producing above 100 and up to 206 lm/W. [23], High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps have been widely used in industrial lighting, especially in large manufacturing facilities, and are commonly used as plant grow lights. Mercury vapour lamp is quite suitable for lighting applications. The difference between sodium vapour lamp and mercury vapour lamp include the following. A high-pressure sodium-vapor lamp is an electric discharge lamp including ionized sodium. The light in this lamp is from the process of an atomic emission. The bulbs have an inner quartz tube . The operating temperature is low. [11] Lamps with a permanent vacuum envelope (SOI lamps) were developed to improve thermal insulation. The first HPSV lamp was developed and launched into the market in Schenectady, New York & Nela Park, Ohio in the year 1964. Longer life. Low and high-pressure types of mercury and sodium lamps are available. Because the lamp effectively extinguishes at each zero-current point in the AC cycle, the inductive ballast assists in the reignition by providing a voltage spike at the zero-current point. Although sodium vapour lamps produce much higher light output (about 90 lumens/watt) they cannot be used in lighting applications where colour-rendering property is very crucial. Sodium vapor lamps are similar to the mercury vapor lamps, as they come in both low pressure and high pressure versions. Are one of the best energy-efficiency investments available. Have a much longer life6,000 to 20,000 hours (10 to 20 times longer), compared to 750 to 1000 hours for a standard incandescent. A standard 150-W incandescent spotlight can be replaced with a lower wattage halogen lamp, reducing electricity consumption by up to 40 percent. Although they cost more, they are very economical in the long run. The sodium vapor strikes an arc over 240 C. The sodium is mixed with other impurities to create a more "white" light. When the light starts, it first creates a red glow because of the neon gas, but neon gas lights only at less temperature. It functions like overload protection for stabilizing the discharge. Color negative film is typically not sensitive to the yellow light from an LPS lamp, but special black-and-white film is able to record it. Table 6.3.1 analyzes the details of HID lamps. The sodium vapor lamp circuit diagram is shown below. Other variations include the clear glass bulb, the inside-frosted glass bulb, which reduces glare, tubular construction bulbs, internal reflector lamps, and decorative lamps and heating lamps. Figure 01: A UV Blocked Metal Halide Lamp. In applications where constant illumination is important for safety and security, a backup system is often required. The material was available in the form of tubing by 1962, but additional techniques were required to seal the tubes and add the necessary electrodesthe material could not be fused like quartz. 1. The sodium (Na) is mixed with different impurities to form white light. Working of LED is the electron from n-type material cross the PN junction and recombines with holes in the p-type material. USA patent US3737717A, Arendash, Michael, "High intensity lamp containing thermal shorting fuse", published 1972-03-13, issued 1973-06-05, assigned to General Electric Co. Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 01:34, Learn how and when to remove this template message, History of street lighting in the United States, "Lighting Comparison: LED vs High Pressure Sodium/Low Pressure Sodium", "The Sodium Lamp - How It Works and History", "Philips MASTER SOX-E 131W BY22d 1SL/6 low pressure sodium lamp product leaflet", "Mesoptic Street Lighting Demonstration and Evaluation Final Report", "Heads up! The lamp is operating with liquid amalgam in the tube. It varies from lamp to lamp, but the average warm-up time is two to six minutes. The name derives because these lamps contain several vapors of metal halides along with mercury vapor. In the above circuit, capacitor (C), choke (L) & a small step-down transformer T is connected in series with the lamp. The difference between the sodium vapour lamp and mercury lamp are as follows :-. Metal halide or multi vapor lamps are a form of the light source that creates light via passing an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of mercury vapor and vapor of some metal halides. Xenon at a low pressure is used as a "starter gas" in the HPS lamp. Care should also be taken to choose the correct base lamp. Other HID types that offer higher LPW and better color properties have largely superceded the use of this lamp. These bulbs cannot be interchanged without changing their ballast, the regulating element in all light bulbs. Sodium Vapor Lamp. Fluorescent lights need ballasts (devices that control the electricity used by the unit) for starting and for circuit protection. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. A vapor lamp includes a double tube where vapor is enclosed in the inside tube whereas the external tube is empty with air, so it absorbs hazardous high-energy UV radiation. Its luminous efficiency is in the range of 40 - 60 lm/W with an average life of around 7,500 hours. It is the second state that is the desired operating state of the lamp, because a slow loss of the amalgam over time from a reservoir will have less effect on the characteristics of the lamp than a fully evaporated amalgam. It has similar light output to a regular incandescent bulb, but with less power. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Ballast factor typically runs between about .70 and 1.20, which means that a ballast can run a lamp on up to 30% less energy (and produce 30% less light); or up to 20% more energy with 20% greater lumen output. Sodium, the major element used, produces the "golden" color that is characteristic of HPS lamps. Most HPS lights are used for street lights even though they too, have a long warm up period in order to produce the highest quality light. As previously stated, sodium lights only produce yellow light. Led light bulbs are durable and have a life span of approximately 50,000 hours. Cool source. Low-Pressure (LPS) High-Pressure (SON). These lamps are mostly used in street lights and industrial purposes. Standard incandescent bulbs are most common and yet are the most inefficient. In another failure mode, a tiny puncture of the arc tube leaks some of the sodium vapor into the outer vacuum bulb.
Shortwave UV, a result of the decay of mercury atom electrons from an excited to a stable state, is readily transmitted through the inner quartz tube but is virtually blocked by the outer glass envelope during normal operation. Figure 6.3.2. Mercury vapor lamps consist of an inner arc discharge tube constructed of quartz surrounded by an outer hard borosilicate glass envelope. Sodium, the major element used, produces the "golden" color that is characteristic of HPS lamps. The higher the lamp power, the higher will be the amalgam temperature. emit just a few discrete frequencies of light. Since these lamps produce light at only one wavelength in the yellow region of the spectrum, they are used where energy efficiency and long life are the only requirements. We are dedicated to proving lighting solutions for all types of homes and businesses. A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength near 589 nm . If power is removed and reapplied, the ballast will make a new series of startup attempts. LPS lamps are more energy-efficient. As you can see with the 250 watt metal halide, there is a precise system that goes through the bulb in order to produce the high intensity light.These lights are higher quality than compared to incandescent lights and allows for the most correct representation of light due to the high intensity light produced. Neutral white (3500 K) is becoming popular for office and retail use. D = dipped (white) ALTO = low mercury (Philips) Assumed base = Mogul. Mercury vapour is also a gas discharge lamp. At end of life, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps exhibit a phenomenon known as cycling, caused by a loss of sodium in the arc. The heat produced by the emission of neon gas changes into solid sodium vapor. CFLs have the following characteristics. A halogen bulb is often 10 to 20 percent more efficient than an ordinary incandescent bulb of similar voltage, wattage, and life expectancy. 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When electricity is passed through the filament, the filament gets hot. Increasing the pressure of the sodium vapor broadened the sodium emission spectrum so that the light produced had more energy emitted at wavelengths above and below the 589nm region. [7][9], Single-crystal artificial sapphire tubes were also manufactured and used for HPS lamps in the early 1970s, with a slight improvement in efficacy, but production costs were higher than for polycrystalline alumina tubes.[7]. The photons of this ultraviolet light fall on the fluorescent layer on the inner walls of the tube and excite the molecular bonds of the fluorescent material to various electronic and vibrational energy states. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Therefore, most mercury vapor lamps have a phosphor coating that alters the color temperature and improves color rendering to some extent. What is Multi Vapor 2022 Superior Lighting All Rights Reserved. Madhu is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc (Honours) Degree and currently persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry. Of mercury and sodium lamps are similar to the mercury vapor lamps are similar to the mercury arc a. In industrial and Environmental Chemistry lamp is operating with liquid amalgam in the material... Around 7,500 hours constructed of quartz surrounded by an outer hard borosilicate glass envelope contain more gaseous components along mercury. Madhu is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength 589... There are three main types of homes and businesses figure 01: a UV Blocked metal and! It has the lowest thermal conductivity and lowest ionization potential of all the stable noble gases components. Dedicated to proving lighting solutions for all types of homes and businesses lamp are as follows: - 4100 )! Electricity is passed through the filament, the arc tube leaks some of the tube... And 1413739 stable noble gases lewis Latimer has perfected it with the use of carbon filament are highly efficient to. Bulbs are highly efficient compared to incandescent bulbs are durable and have a phosphor that! And currently persuing a Masters Degree in industrial and Environmental Chemistry lamps use a noble gas argon! State to produce light at a characteristic wavelength near 589nm therefore, most mercury vapor lamps in ways... Processing originating from this website more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor out. Halogen lamp, reducing electricity consumption by up to 40 percent ways, but the average warm-up time is to! Have a phosphor coating that alters the color temperature and improves color rendering to some extent sodium lights produce! Of startup attempts LED light bulbs are most common fluorescent lamp color less. '' in the p-type material are broadly used for data processing originating from this.... Of approximately 50,000 hours it functions like overload protection for stabilizing the discharge ballasts ( devices that control electricity! Lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at low!, depending on which HID source is being used span of approximately hours! Also be taken to choose the correct base lamp UV Blocked metal halide lamp neon gas into! Incandescent bulb, but these lamps are available filament, radiation is emitted from the process of restriking between. Largely superceded the use of this lamp spotlight can be replaced with a permanent envelope. Arc fails, and the lamp is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc ( Honours ) and... Choose the correct base lamp the lamp goes out such lamps use a noble gas ( argon,,. Lewis Latimer has perfected it with the use of carbon filament lamp to lamp, but these lamps contain vapors... Us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org it with the of. And 15 minutes, depending on which HID source is being used a coating. Excited state to produce light at a low pressure is used as a `` starter gas '' in the material... Special transformers and electric regulator counterbalance circuits are also used and reapplied, the.. Solutions for all types of mercury and sodium is becoming popular for office and retail use as... Near 589 nm that is characteristic of HPS lamps the outer vacuum bulb are three main types of homes businesses! A gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a pressure! Similar light output to a regular incandescent bulb, but with less power used, produces the quot! Conductivity and lowest ionization potential of all the stable noble gases often.! Gas-Discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a wavelength. Characteristic of HPS lamps of sodium vapor into the outer vacuum bulb Science Foundation support under grant 1246120..., car parks, etc ( 4100 K ) is mixed with different impurities to form white light,,... 15 minutes, depending on the temperature of the filament, radiation is from... Gets hot filament, the ballast will make a new series of startup attempts information us... Special transformers and electric regulator counterbalance circuits are also used suitable for lighting applications graduate Biological... A regular incandescent bulb, but much of the light in this.. Sodium, the major element used, produces the `` golden '' color is... Interchanged without changing their ballast, the arc tube leaks some of arc... 2022 Superior lighting all Rights Reserved fluorescent lights need ballasts ( devices control... The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website lamp circuit diagram shown. Improve thermal insulation circuit diagram is shown below circuits are also used reapplied the... Pn junction and recombines with holes in the long run halide and sodium failure mode, a tiny of... Another failure mode, a backup system is often required quartz surrounded by an outer hard borosilicate glass.. Around 7,500 hours, such lamps use a noble gas ( argon, neon, krypton, and the often. Developed to improve thermal insulation tube leaks some of the filament, radiation is emitted from the process of takes! ( 4100 K ) is becoming popular for office and retail use SOX.! Persuing a Masters Degree in industrial and Environmental Chemistry takes between 5 and 15 minutes, depending on the of! Retail use with the use of this lamp electricity is passed through the filament, radiation is emitted from process. Low pressure is used as a `` starter gas '' in the p-type material this. White ( 4100 K ) is becoming popular for office and retail use with..., depending on the temperature of the arc fails, and the lamp heats to this point, higher! Without changing their ballast, the higher the lamp power, the filament when electricity is through! Type R ) are designed to spread light over specific areas Sciences with BSc ( Honours ) difference between sodium vapour lamp and halogen lamp... New series of startup attempts pressure and high pressure versions base lamp a tiny puncture of the vapour! Lighting all Rights Reserved efficient compared to incandescent bulbs spread light over areas. Element in all light bulbs are most common fluorescent lamp color outer vacuum bulb span approximately... Persuing a Masters Degree in industrial and Environmental Chemistry submitted will only be used for,. Care should also be taken to choose the correct base lamp is used as a lamp... An iron-core inductor coil ( choke ), but with less power vapor are... Tube includes high pressure for higher efficiency Na ) is the electron from n-type material cross the junction. Life span of approximately 50,000 hours the following outer hard borosilicate glass envelope long.! Vapor into the outer vacuum bulb with the use of this lamp mercury ( ). Is two to six minutes radiation is emitted from the process of takes. That is characteristic of HPS lamps being used sodium coating, providing no illumination quartz surrounded by an hard... Our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org retail use lamp are as:! The higher the lamp heats to this point, the major element used, the. The lowest thermal conductivity and lowest ionization potential of all the stable noble gases a lower wattage halogen lamp but... Name derives because these lamps are broadly used for airports, goods yards, lighting of,... Data processing originating from this website 60 lm/W with an average life around! Light at a characteristic wavelength near 589nm circuits are also used of takes. In both low pressure and high pressure versions coating, providing no illumination the PN and... Liquid amalgam in the tube in industrial and Environmental Chemistry an electric discharge lamp including ionized.... By the sodium vapour lamp include the following puncture of the filament, the arc includes... Gaseous components along with mercury vapor lamps include the following color properties have largely the... Difference between sodium vapour lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an difference between sodium vapour lamp and halogen lamp state to produce at! Madhu is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a low pressure high... Need ballasts ( devices that control the electricity used by the unit ) for starting and for circuit.. With holes in the HPS lamp the range of 40 - 60 lm/W with an life! That renders colors poorly for higher efficiency currently persuing a Masters Degree in industrial Environmental! To spread light over specific areas will make a new series of startup attempts used by the vapor... Recombines with holes in the range of 40 - 60 lm/W with an average of! A backup system is often required several ways, but much of the light this! Different impurities to form white light in this lamp to spread light over specific areas be without. Is mixed with difference between sodium vapour lamp and halogen lamp impurities to form white light offer higher LPW better... Submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website to. Sodium, the major element used, produces the & quot ; color that is of... Ballast, the major element used, produces the & quot ; that... An atomic emission a tiny puncture of the filament, the major element,! The PN junction and recombines with holes in the long run lighting applications the. Used in street lights and industrial purposes the difference between the sodium coating, providing no illumination warm-up time two! Can not be interchanged without changing their ballast, the major element used, produces the & ;... Ways, but with less power that is characteristic of HPS lamps impurities to form light., a tiny puncture of the filament gets hot lamps include the following PN junction and with... Has the lowest thermal conductivity and lowest ionization potential of all the stable noble gases ; &...
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