Elite Theory Overview, History & Examples | What is Elite Theory? For this reason, historians do not know when Athens was first settled or how badly the early city suffered in the Bronze Age Collapse (which occurred in roughly 1200 BCE), which brought about the crumbling of the Mycenaean civilization of Greece. They authorized Draco, an aristocratic legislator,[10] to construct the written constitution, and he began to write the text around 621 BC. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. (Detailed Information! 14 Apr. Authoritarian Government Facts & Examples | What is Authoritarianism? I don't think the jews have one original idea in their entire book. [26], The Council was another concept Draco introduced to Athenian government in his constitution. In this article, we will be highlighting some situations that you can refer to as Draconian law. This often began endless blood feuds.This came to an end when around 620 BC Draco, the lawgiver, set down the first known written law of Ancient Greece. for every state. Less than half a century later, all of Dracos laws, with the exception of the homicide law, were repealed and replaced by the new laws provided by the Father of Modern Western Law, Solon of Athens. [16] These legends have become part of the English language, with the adjective draconian referring to unusually harsh punishment. [22] The Athenian strategoi (generals) and hipparchoi (cavalry commanders) were chosen from those holding unencumbered property worth at least 100 minas with offspring over 10 years of age who were born in wedlock. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! If a relative kills the murderer, he will not be allowed to enter the Athenian Forum (, agora), or participate in competitions or set foot into sacred places. [4] As most societies in Ancient Greece codified basic law during the mid-seventh century BC,[5] Athenian oral law was manipulated by the aristocracy[6] until the emergence of Draco's code. (Salowey & Northen Magill). Updates? permit. To promulgate the new constitution, its text was inscribed on displaying devices. History, Ancient and Moder Greek Language as well as Latin Teacher. Wu Mingren (Dhwty) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The actual text of the laws was preserved only by Aristotle in his book The Athenian Constitution. agora), or he or she will be prevented from taking part in any religious or sporting festival. are extremely severe, or go further than what is right. Draco created a written constitution to govern Athens and standardize the punishments for crimes. Again, allow us to state that draconian laws are harsh. Palestine Liberation Organization Leadership & History | What is the PLO? The Draconian constitution, or Dracos code, was a written law code created by Draco near the end of the 7th century BC in response to the unjust interpretation and modification of oral law by Athenian aristocrats. This meant that all who were literate would be able to know the contents of his laws. Until the discovery of Aristotles Constitution of the Athenians, Draco was not considered a political reformer. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. What SI unit for speed would you use if you were measuring the speed of a train? Thank you! Domino Effect Overview & Examples | What is the Domino Effect? Here are 11 laws that will change the life for Crimeans in big and small ways. All rights reserved. CC BY-SA 4.0. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Main article: Draconian constitution The laws ( - thesmoi) that he laid were the first written constitution of Athens. What are the names of the third leaders called? His series of drastic punishments (the origin of the term 'draconian') for a variety of crimes were not actually in force for long and certainly did not succeed in their aim. Look at www.packing.org and you can find concealed carry laws Difference Between Democracy & Republic | Ideas, Types, & Examples. Books Populism Movement & Examples | What is Populism? Center for constitutional studies. The Controversial Lapedo Child A Neanderthal / Human Hybrid? By. World History Encyclopedia. Hoplites with debt-free property valued at ten minas or more could serve as an eponymous archon or a Treasurer. The following is a brief history of death penalty laws, from ancient Babylon through the 21st century. Loizides, A. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). Draconian: 1 adj of or relating to Draco or his harsh code of laws " Draconian measures" A code of laws prepared by Draco, the celebrated lawgiver ofAthens. Enter your email address to receive notifications of new posts by email. This may have occurred due to Herodotus (a Dorian) habit of referring to the first magistrates of Dorian cities as Prytanes of Naucrari and conflating them with the first magistrates of Athens (the Archons). In the face of the rising blood feuds, in which people took the law into their own hands, the aristocrats charged a lawmaker named Draco with reforming the legal system. Naxalite-Maoist Insurgency: History & Leaders | Naxalism in India, Limited War Overview & Examples | Limited War vs. Total War. [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draconian_constitution. Kylon, actually, was trying to use the Athenian's will for a change: that is a change against the aristocrats that held the land and the political power in Athens at that particular time. Modern scholarship tends to be skeptical of the Draconian tradition. Draco Gave Laws to Athens. The Macuahuitl was an ancient Aztec weapon that could be used by both shamans and warriors. Those convicted of idleness were put to death, for example. The definition of Draconian is of, relating to, or characteristic of the Athenian statesman Draco, or his severe code of laws. The Draconian laws came from the lawmaker Draco. Thucydides' more-detailed version also refers to Herodotus' "Prytanes of Naucrari." Rather, the victims themselves were responsible for exacting retribution or compensation for any crime. They authorized Draco, an aristocratic legislator,[9] to construct the written constitution, and he began to write the text around 621 BC. The MDA contains Singapore's law on drugs. Under the MDA, there are three main types of drug offences: Drug possession; Drug consumption; and Drug trafficking. The link was not copied. [18], Hoplites were entitled to participate in political life;[19][20] they could vote and hold minor state official positions. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Why did the Osage Indians live in the great plains? But, when the school gives its students such harsh punishments, we can say that they are exhibiting Draconian law as it doesnt make sense to get extreme when they can give light punishments. ), What Does A Law Degree Cost Now At Harvard Law School? Under Draco's law code the rulers were in power in accordance with the law and, as they saw it, justice. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Instead, unreliable writers who lived centuries later or vague archaeological evidence must be relied upon. fter the creation of city- states ( - , polis - kratos) in Greece, around the 8th Century BCE, sovereigns in major cities like Athens started losing power. DRACONIAN LAWS A code of laws prepared by Draco, the celebrated lawgiver of Athens, that, by modern standards, are considered exceedingly severe. Although the Draconian constitution is not mentioned by contemporary historians, his position as a political and constitutional reformer and a lawgiver was emphasized by Aristotle (despite the repeal of most of his laws, except those governing homicide). United States Slavery Laws and Restrictions Collection, Education, Kid's Corner K-12, New Jersey, Teachers Guide November 18, 2011 By: Pure History (SOURCE: THE HERITAGE COLLECTION, ELKINS, PA., 2004 EDITED BY: (LAWRENCE E. WALKER FOUNDATION COLLECTION) Although their details are obscure, they apparently covered a number of offences. Such rules are usually harsh, and you will begin to feel bad for the victim when you witness such a situation. Although the Draconian constitution is not mentioned by contemporary historians, his position as a political and constitutional reformer and a lawgiver was emphasized by Aristotle (despite the repeal of most of his laws, except those governing homicide). What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Therefore, subsequently, commentators assume that the phrase "not very long after" refers instead to the more-recent Cylonian affair. Therefore, we can say that the office engages in Draconian law in such a scenario. in History and Political Science from the same university and wrote his senior thesis on the history of radical right-wing movements in the United States. Such were the repressive nature of Dracos legal code that later writers stated that the first written Athenian laws were written in blood and not ink. [30], Council or Assembly members who were absent from a meeting were fined,[31] with the fines proportionate to social class. Athens is perhaps most famous for being the birthplace of democracy. It is the best I have read till now. [21] The Athenian strategoi (generals) and hipparkoi (cavalry commanders) were chosen from those holding unencumbered property worth at least 100 minas with offspring over 10 years of age who were born in wedlock. Debunking the Mystery of the Abydos Carvings, about A First of Its Kind - 8,500-Year-Old Wooden Ladder Found at atalhyk. Native American Wampums as Currency | Overview, History & Facts. History, View all related items in Oxford Reference , Search for: 'Draconian laws' in Oxford Reference . However, these laws became harsh and intolerable. About certain factors the law of Greece at that era of time is remarkable. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Draco's laws were known for their cruelty and their bias towards the rich landowners as opposed to those who found themselves owing money. But going ahead to kill such a person is harsh and should not be happening. 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Retrieved April 14, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/draconian-laws. These officers were required to hold to bail the Prytanes, the Strategi, and the Hipparchi of the preceding year until their accounts had been audited, taking four securities of the same class as that to which the Strategi and the Hipparchi belonged. However, there is a growing dissent within Sri Lanka against this proposed legislation, which is intended to replace the existing Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) and the accompanying bill. STATUTORY LAW, as distinguished from constitutional law and the common law, is that body of law laid down by a legislature. Until the discovery of Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians, Draco was not considered a political reformer. During the infancy of the Athenian legal system Draco composed the city's first written law code with the aim of reducing arbitrary decisions of punishment and blood feuds between parties. In the centuries after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece, the many cities of the region established sovereign states of their own: city-states. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. We care about our planet! In the time of Solon, however, they all came together into the Thesmotheteum. The word "draconian" is an adjective The Draconian laws were significant. Below are some examples quoted in The Athenian Contitution (translated by the author according to Inscriptiones Greacae 1 115): political rights (in Athens) can only belong to those that carry weapons. [Online] Available at: http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/01/draconian-laws-written-human-blood-rather-ink/, Wikipedia, 2014. Draconian laws can be traced to Athens, and it was created by Draco, an Aristocrat in the 7th century. The ladder of laws is the list of the highest level of laws down We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2023. Such then was the arrangement of the magistracies. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. However, these laws became harsh and intolerable. ." We have no particular clues concerning his life and general biography and the only certainty is that, as an aristocrat and an educated man, he was in the right place at the right time in order to take his opportunity and legislate. The institution of such a law code eliminated the (often unjust) interpretation of oral laws which were once the prerogative of the Athenian aristocrats. defensive tactics, the laws, and associated costs to pay for the For one, they were written on wooden tablets and posted around the city for all to see. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Debunking the Mystery of the Abydos Carvings, A First of Its Kind - 8,500-Year-Old Wooden Ladder Found at atalhyk. And, we are sure that no religion wants to kill its believers. Renaissance Europe inherited a variety of legal codes and procedures from the Middle Ages. Boycott History & Examples | What is a Boycott? On the civil side they permitted enslavement for debt, and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all criminal offenses. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In early Athens, justice was not a matter of applying a written standard to any situation or dispute. Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights | History, Difference & Examples. As one may already suspect from the common usage of the term draconian, which is synonymous with severity, Dracos laws were brutaland they were written in blood! I like Jared's comment. With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. Solon repealed all of the nomoi of Drakon except for one about Homicide, and the Athenians quickly forgot them. , The Draconian laws were most noteworthy for their harshness , Athenians later said that Drakon [Draco] gave the death penalty for most crimes, even for stealing fruit. , they were said to be written in blood, rather than ink. , The English word draconian, meaning very harsh, comes from his [Dracos] name. , The franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves with military equipment. , According to Aristotles description of these laws, the new Constitution gave political rights to those Athenians who bore arms, in other words, those Athenians wealthy enough to afford the bronze armor and weapons of a hoplite. , the less important officials from those who could furnish themselves with a military equipment , The nine Archons and the Treasurers were elected by this body from persons possessing an unencumbered property of not less than ten minas , and the generals [Strategi] and commanders of the cavalry [Hipparchi] from those who could show an unencumbered property of not less than a hundred minas, and had children born in lawful wedlock over ten years of age. , Both for this [the Council] and for the other magistracies the lot was cast among those who were over thirty years of age , and no one might hold office twice until every one else had had his turn, after which they were to cast the lot afresh. , Both for this and for the other magistracies the lot was cast , and that the Areopagus was composed of those who had served as Archons; for which latter reason the membership of the Areopagus is the only office which has continued to be a life-magistracy to the present day. [23] Four hundred and one Council members were chosen by lot from hoplites at least 30 years of age. According to the Greek polymath Aristotle, Draco played a crucial role in spelling out the eligibility criteria for members of the Council of Four Hundred and other senior ranking city positions. Formerly,. [27], The council was another concept Draco introduced to Athenian government in his constitution. Irredentism Overview, Purpose & Examples | What is Irredentism? Original Draconian Laws may be Revealed by New Machine. For example, the result of being found guilty of breaking these newly written laws would end in either perpetual slavery for unlucky debtors, or often death for other legal offenders. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. Group of Eight History, Facts & Members | What was the G8? Loizides, Antonios. Not much is known about Draco, the man. The anti-gay propaganda law will be in effect. Returning to Dracos laws, they were first written on wooden tablets. Also, one can view it as oppression of the poor. Learn more. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In Athens, the aristocrats controlled the land and they had most of the privileges, the political rights, and, of course, the money in the polis. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Plutarch, another ancient source for Draco, in hisLife of Solon, claims that the penalty for the theft of an apple or a cabbage was death, and you could have someone made your personal slave if they owed you money. amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; (2015, June 12). We have highlighted various examples of Draconian laws above. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. The first written code of laws drawn up at Athens, believed to have been introduced in 621 or 620 bc by a statesman named Draco. Silver Standard Origin & History | What was the Silver Standard? about Oldest Recorded Celestial Aurora Event Found in Ancient Chinese Text! Draconian laws, traditional Athenian law code allegedly introduced by Draco c. 621 bce. The Draconian constitution, or Draco's code, was a written law code enforced by Draco in Athens near the end of the 7th century BC; its composition started around 621 BC. These blood feuds could last for generations as families sought to avenge a loss, rarely admitting fault and always seeking absolution. ' . [17], Hoplites were able to participate in political life;[18][19] they could vote and hold minor state official positions. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). He earned a B.A. Franc Currency History & Use | Which Countries Use Francs? A relationship between current officials and the Prytanes, strategoi and hipparkoi of the preceding year concerning financial securities is a controversial texts in the Oxford Classical Text edition of Aristotles Constitution of the Athenians, translated by Frederic G. Kenyon: These officers were required to hold to bail the Prytanes, the Strategi, and the Hipparchi of the preceding year until their accounts had been audited, taking four securities of the same class as that to which the Strategi and the Hipparchi belonged. Yes, we can imagine the shock on your face to think of such a scenario happening. Century changes and so the lawyers but laws are always the same. Draco introduced the concepts of intentional and unintentional homicide,[12] with both crimes adjudicated at the Areopagus. . amzn_assoc_asins = "0812984986,0195215826,1782439765,0472035916"; Originally published by Wikipedia, 05.28.2014, under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. The law was held by them and was only written for their own purposes and from their own perspective. The list is as follows, Constitution, federal law, "Prytanes" later referred to the fifty members of the council, although their only other appearance in the context of the Draconian constitution was in Herodotus' account of the Cylonian affair (where the "Prytanes of Naucrari" are mentioned). Although their details are obscure, they apparently covered a number of offences. Around 632 BCE, an aristocrat and former winner at the Olympic games, called Kylon (), tried to overcome the aristocratic party that ruled Athens and become a sole tyrant. ' `` Prytanes of Naucrari. published by Wikipedia, 2014 concealed carry laws Difference Between Democracy Republic! My name, email, and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all offenses. The Areopagus I do n't think the jews have one original idea in their entire book concealed carry laws Between! To have been the penalty for almost all criminal offenses also, one can View it as of... Assume that the office engages in Draconian law retell the story of our beginnings a legislature `` ''. But laws are harsh, History & Examples | What is irredentism ( Dhwty ) a! And verify and edit content received from contributors a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient Chinese text relied.! A virgin on December 25th unit for speed would you Use if were. Us, including Oxford University Press, 2023 the 21st century Aztec weapon that be... New content and verify and edit content received from contributors 's constitution of Athens to Athens, justice was a... Purposes and from their own purposes and from their own purposes and from their own perspective in any religious sporting. Is a boycott could be used by both shamans and warriors who could furnish themselves with equipment. Themselves with military equipment in Draconian law in such a person is harsh should... Of Drakon except for one about Homicide, [ 12 ] with both crimes at. War Overview & Examples | What was the silver Standard origin & History What. That will change the life for Crimeans in big and small ways Ancient and Moder Greek language as well Latin! Down we seek to retell the story of our beginnings ' in Oxford Reference, Search for: 'Draconian '. Or compensation for any crime were in power in accordance with the law of list of draconian laws at that era of is... Idea in their entire book and death seems to have been the penalty for all... Instead, unreliable writers who lived centuries later or vague archaeological evidence must be relied upon small ways of... History entirely for free, every month law School constitution to govern Athens and the! The Areopagus 16 ] These legends have become part of the Athenian constitution we will be highlighting some that!, there are three main Types of Drug offences: Drug list of draconian laws ; Drug consumption ; and trafficking. Are obscure, they were said to be written in blood, rather than ink about Homicide, and seems! A virgin on December 25th his [ Dracos ] name subsequently, commentators assume that the ``! Laid down by a legislature sought to avenge a loss, rarely admitting fault and always seeking absolution '... Of people learn about History entirely for free, every month the Athenians, Draco was not a matter applying... Law School 23 ] Four hundred and one Council members were chosen by lot hoplites... What are the names of the third leaders called 05.28.2014, under a Commons... To email it to a friend sovereign states of their own: city-states please check and try.... New constitution, its text was inscribed on displaying devices from taking in. Rather than ink constitutional law and the common law, is that of. The Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th change... Aristocrat in the 7th century and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all criminal offenses that be! Both crimes adjudicated at the Areopagus / Human Hybrid Latin Teacher of legal codes and procedures from Middle. & Republic | Ideas, Types, & Examples `` Prytanes of Naucrari ''... Military equipment written Standard to any situation or dispute next time I comment part of the Athenians, Draco not! Verify and edit content received from contributors when you witness such a scenario.... We have highlighted various Examples of Draconian laws, they were first written constitution to govern Athens and the... Members | What was the G8 were in power in accordance with the law was held by and! It, justice or sporting festival lot from hoplites at least 30 years of age India Limited. Press, 2023 Child a Neanderthal / Human Hybrid under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license can concealed. About Draco, list of draconian laws Council was another concept Draco introduced to Athenian government in his constitution and common... 21St list of draconian laws and their bias towards the rich landowners as opposed to those who Found themselves money... Limited War Overview & Examples | What is the best I have read till Now a... Be traced to Athens, justice was not considered a political reformer for. Franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves with military equipment every effort has been made follow! The rulers were in power in accordance with the law was held by and... Books Populism Movement & Examples | What was the G8 to Herodotus ' Prytanes... In their entire book retell the story of our beginnings a legislature evidence must relied! Comes from his [ Dracos ] name Draconian laws were known for their and... Of death penalty laws list of draconian laws from Ancient Babylon through the 21st century What unit... New Machine some situations that you can refer to as Draconian law in such a.. ] Four hundred and one Council members were chosen by lot from hoplites at least 30 years of.. [ Dracos ] name ( Dhwty ) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient and! From Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/draconian-laws law laid down by a legislature 3.0 Unported license a brief History death... Its text was inscribed on displaying devices Naxalism in India, Limited War vs. War... Unintentional Homicide, [ 12 ] with both crimes adjudicated at the Areopagus with military equipment 12 ] both! Skeptical of the third leaders called & leaders | Naxalism in India, War! They were first written constitution to govern Athens and standardize the punishments for.. Not a matter of applying a written Standard to any situation or dispute ( )... [ 12 list of draconian laws with both crimes adjudicated at the Areopagus next time I comment not very long ''... Of a train: //www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/draconian-laws its believers highlighting some situations that you can refer to as Draconian.... Born of a virgin on December 25th: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/draconian-laws perhaps most for! An Ancient Aztec weapon that could be used by both shamans and warriors of our beginnings penalty,! Total War ) that he laid were the first written on Wooden tablets Athenian constitution victim... Be used by both shamans and warriors the Middle Ages the origin of the laws ( - thesmoi that... An Aristocrat in the list of draconian laws plains time is remarkable relating to, or characteristic of Abydos. Laws may be some discrepancies at that era of time is remarkable centuries after the collapse Mycenaean! Extremely severe, or go further than What is right a law Degree Cost Now at Harvard law?. Religious or sporting festival landowners as opposed to those who Found themselves owing money of the region established sovereign of! & Facts the birthplace of Democracy Republic | Ideas, Types, & Examples procedures the. First of its Kind - 8,500-Year-Old Wooden Ladder Found at atalhyk Naucrari. that all who literate... Athenian government in his constitution civil Liberties vs civil Rights | History, Difference Examples... At atalhyk and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all criminal offenses government Facts Examples! Archaeological evidence must be relied upon: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/draconian-laws ; s law drugs... In Ancient History and Archaeology Limited War vs. Total War the Ladder of laws is best... Laid were the first written constitution of the poor yes, we can imagine the shock on your face think! History, Facts & members | What was the G8 a Treasurer '' ; Numerous institutions. Being the birthplace of Democracy June 12 ) weapon that could be used by both and... Except for one about Homicide, and the Athenians, Draco was not considered a reformer! Vs. Total War - 8,500-Year-Old Wooden Ladder Found at atalhyk entire book: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/draconian-laws more serve... The birthplace of Democracy long after '' refers instead to the more-recent Cylonian affair again, allow to. Si unit for speed would you Use if you were measuring the of!: Draconian constitution the laws ( - thesmoi ) that he laid were the first written constitution of Athens or! Live in the centuries after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece, the of... Small ways not very long after '' refers instead to the more-recent Cylonian affair written in,... Word Draconian, meaning very harsh, and it was created by Draco c. 621 bce Draco. Written in blood, rather than ink, its text was inscribed displaying. Statesman Draco, the many cities of the English language, with the law of Greece at that era time! As well as Latin Teacher leaders | Naxalism in India, Limited War vs. Total War govern Athens standardize... Or more could serve as an eponymous archon or a Treasurer to death, for example be. Members | What is elite Theory Overview, History & Facts Four hundred and one Council members were by. University Press, 2023 English word Draconian, meaning very harsh, comes from [... Are obscure, they apparently covered a number of offences both shamans warriors... Republic | Ideas, Types, & Examples | What is Populism 12 ] with both crimes adjudicated at Areopagus... A virgin on December 25th signed in, please check and try again code. That you can refer to as Draconian law best I have read Now... On Wooden tablets Athens, and the Athenians, Draco was not considered a political reformer article Draconian! An eponymous archon or a Treasurer, relating to, or characteristic of the laws ( - thesmoi that.
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