residential buildings energy consumption

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residential buildings energy consumption

2022.07.31
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residential buildings energy consumption

Ideally wed like to look at age within a building type (and vice versa - look at all building types within a particular age bracket), The result is an extremely fine-grained model of how energy is used across US homes.

However, despite the abundance of data available, and identified explanatory factors (decreasing share of new housing, retrofit practices, heating systems of energy poor households, rebound effect)we note that it is still difficult to provide detailed explanations of the identified phenomena. For homes built after 1980, we see that the least energy intensive building type is actually single family homes, something the, . A deep renovation is a refurbishment that reduces both the delivered and the final energy consumption of a building by a significant percentage compared with the pre-renovation levels, leading to a very high energy performance, Boosting Building Renovation: What potential and value for Europe? I suspect the mechanism here is that some types of energy use dont scale linearly with home size - a 1000 square foot apartment and a 2000 square foot house, for instance, might both use similar amounts of energy for the fridge, dishwasher, microwave, washer/dryer, etc. Well also throw into the mix Mississippi, a state with no energy code. Hi Brian, thanks for highlighting our work! California is known as being more stringent with energy codes, having first passed one way back in 1975, and typically leads the way in code strictness. The service also provides exclusive energy efficiency indicators by sector for the 27 EU members and Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and United Kingdom, going back to 1990. Energy savings have more than offset this increase by reducing consumption by 86.5 Mtoe. We can get a clearer view by looking at energy intensity - how much energy per unit area different types of housing use. Figure 2: Energy consumption per dwelling, scaled to the EU average climate. The US has more than twice as much housing space in pre-1940 single family homes as it does in large apartment buildings. Homes vary by size, age, location, materials, type of building, amount of insulation, number of windows, heating system, and dozens of other parameters, many of which are correlated with each other, all of which affect the energy use and performance of a building.

The warmer climate in 2019 further reduced consumption by 2 Mtoe. It then samples from this distribution hundreds of thousands of times, and runs each sample (some combination of housing parameters) in a physics-based building simulation to estimate home energy use. There are large disparities between countries, even after adjustment to the same climate, ranging from 0.5 toe/dwelling in Malta to 2.3 toe/dwelling in Luxembourg. Looking at Energy Use in US Residential Buildings, This site requires JavaScript to run correctly.

English | French | Spanish | German | Russian | Japanese | Korean | Chinese, Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions - FAQs - Sitemap. This chart shows the breakdown in energy use (trillions of Btus) and energy intensity (thousands of Btus per square foot) for each building type and age bracket of residential housing. So smaller housing units use more energy per square foot despite using less energy overall. Your browser does not support javascript! One important caveat here is that its very clear that the data in the dashboard is somewhat messy. Finally, for space heating, the consumption has been stable since 2014, and follows a period of decline (-0.7%/year over 2000-2014). Like with single family vs multifamily, differences in cross-country energy use seem to mostly come from differences in housing size, and the US has much larger homes than Europe does: One confounder here is that European countries often have much older housing stocks than the US, which would skew average energy use higher even if newer homes were significantly more energy efficient than US homes. (This all roughly matches with what we found when we previously looked at the US building stock.). Multifamily buildings (duplexes, apartments, condos, etc.) The average dwelling in France, for instance, uses around 56,000 Btus per square foot of residential space, fairly typical for a European country [1]. The dashboard breaks down energy use into electricity consumption, and on-site fuel consumption (burning natural gas, propane, or fuel oil.) Ive done what I can to cross-check numbers against other data (such as RECS and census data), but we should take any conclusions with a large grain of salt. A further analysis of the decomposition of effects can be done by looking at the average annual effects (climate corrected for heating)for each period (Figure 8). You can also contact me on Twitter, LinkedIn, or by email: briancpotter@gmail.com. To facilitate comparison, Ive tried to overlap census regions (comparing different climate zones in the same census region). Multifamily buildings use less natural gas/fuel oil heating and more electric heating, and have lower heating requirements overall (on average, they use about 30% less energy per square foot than single family homes for heating.) Could you let me know more about the double-counting issue you're seeing (contact info: https://www.nrel.gov/research/staff/eric-wilson.html)? 368 0 obj <> endobj Why is energy efficiency households slowing down in Europe? This was surprising to me, since I frequently read stories about how dense urban areas are more energy efficient - I expected multifamily construction to use lower energy per square foot. (This breakdown comes from the fact that the tool was designed to aid in energy retrofits, and so is focused on thermal uses as opposed to, say, energy consumption for kitchen appliances. Energy surveys like the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) tells us how energy use varies from region to region, and across different housing types, but the ResStock data lets us look at different combinations of parameters. The data comes from. The use of low-performance back-up systems for fuel-poor households: when energy prices are high, fuel-poor households tend to swap their fuel for a directly available and free resource (wood or waste, burnt in open fireplaces with lower efficiency); or for a resource that they can pay for as they use it. Among the activity effects, which tend to increase energy consumption, some of them decrease after 2014, such as more dwellings or larger homes, while the more appliances effect slightly increases. %`` The overall evolution of these 3 non-behavioural effects is downwards, as they increased energy consumption on average by 2.5 Mtoe/year before 2014 and by 1.8Mtoe/year after. It's quite shocking to see that newer homes in the US use more domestic electric energy than the combined requirements for heating and hot water preparation. Classical, resistive tumble driers are almost unheard of and unavailable for purchase. Efforts still need to be made to collect technical and activity data, in particular on the quality and volume of renovations in each country, as well as data on the behaviour of households (use of technical and control systems; perception of comfort; influence of energy prices on behaviour, etc.). This is 50%-100% more that what the equivalent house in Europe would have - many apartments are served by a single 32A/230V line (7KW). We see a roughly similar amount of total energy use (though older SFH do worse than older multifamily buildings), but a different breakdown. Using this, we can get a super granular (if simulated) look at exactly where energy goes in US homes, and see which parameters affect it. Changes in energy consumption can be linked to several factors, such as changes in the technical progress of heating systems and associated energy efficiency gains. I couldnt readily find energy consumption just for recent European construction. Could you let me know more about the double-counting issue you're seeing (contact info: Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Residential Energy Consumption Survey confirms, https://www.nrel.gov/research/staff/eric-wilson.html. No data on m2 for Belgium. 396 0 obj <>stream They therefore represent a major challenge for achieving the EU's climate and environmental objectives. [1] - Energy consumption per dwelling in Europe can be found here, average size of European dwellings can be found here. than the US, which would skew average energy use higher even if newer homes were significantly more energy efficient than US homes. Per the model, as of 2018 the US has about 250 billion square feet of residential floor space, spread across about 100 million individual buildings [0]: The majority of that square footage is found in single family homes, which make up a bit over 75% of residential square footage. Almost all this extra energy use comes from burning fuel on-site. We see that Mississippi uses about 20% more, but this is mostly driven by the increased energy requirements of a different climate zone - control for this and the difference disappears. For each of the main end-uses, contrasting trends are observed over time (Figure 4).

The dashboard lets us compare individual states, though it doesnt let us get quite as granular as we might like (for state-level data, were back to pre-1940, 1940-1980, and post-1980 age buckets). For domestic hot water, consumption has also been increasing since 2000, but at a rate that has clearly accelerated since 2014 (around 1%/year)compared to 2000-2014 (almost stable). ~fq/z_I[J`c GZ0ZPF^`]x!h!;? Europe is even more diverse than US. It then further subdivides it into energy for heating, cooling, water heating, vents/fans, and other. We see that post 1980 (the most granular we can get at the state level) housing in new mexico is roughly similar in energy use to california. Houses also tend to have higher thermal mass and require less air conditioning - because of their geographic location, a simple day/night average is suficient to keep most homes most of the year free from heat, with the other side of the coin being increased heating requirements during winter. We see that most building types use energy. Residential buildings account for two thirds of this consumption and are associated with a high untapped energy savings potential. We see that energy use varies widely from region to region, and that energy for heating is the main factor that affects this. From what I understand, the normal electric hookup in the US is 2x120V, 100A (24KW), there is a move to 200Amps and older homes tend to have 50 Amps lines. These trends can be explained by the combination of contrasting trends on each effect: Figure 8: Trends of the drivers of household energy consumption at EU level for various periods. You can learn more about their work by visiting their, [1] - Energy consumption per dwelling in Europe can be, , average size of European dwellings can be. Lets start with a high-level look at US housing. Figure 3: Household energy consumption by end-use in the EU. Energy surveys, for instance, break down energy use by building type and by age, but if these factors are correlated (which they are), it makes it hard to know which one matters more. Mississippi doesnt have any parts in a hot-dry climate, so well look at the data for mixed humid and try to scale it accordingly. If you think electrification (replacing fossil fuel appliances and heat sources with electric ones) is an important aspect of dealing with climate change, it's useful to know where that will have the greatest impact. The downward trends of energy efficiency observed for these end-uses were not offset by the larger efficiency gains for large appliances and lighting. Several aspects can explain this phenomenon: Figure 7 illustrates the impact of the main drivers of household energy consumption. So lets take a look and see what we find. This makes it difficult to understand what actually matters for improving energy efficiency. More details in the, See the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. Turning to age, we see a relatively wide spread across different age brackets (which makes sense, considering how slowly homes leave the building stock.) How do different states in the same climate region use energy differently? For this reason, the EU has developed a comprehensive regulatory framework based on energy efficiency measures targeting buildings (EPBD, EED, Renovation Wave Strategy). 0 subscriptions will be displayed on your profile (edit). For space heating, the reduction of the unit consumption per m2 has significantly slowed down since 2014 in most of the largest EU countries, especially in Germany, France, UK and The Netherlands (Figure 5). Most of that reduction comes from reduced energy used for heating. The ODEX analysis shows that energy efficiency gains in heating use have tended to decrease since 2014 (Figure 5). Household energy efficiency has improved by 29% at EU level between 2000 and 2019 (or 1.8%/year)as shown by the energy efficiency index ODEX (equal to 71 in 2019, Figure 6). This was surprising to me, since I frequently read stories about how dense urban areas are. Our analysis of energy consumption trends in the building sector based on data from the Odyssee project highlights a break in the trend after 2014 linked to two phenomena: the slowdown in energy efficiency progress after 2014 and the growing importance of behavioural effects in energy consumption. The household energy consumption (climate corrected)decreases of about 0.7 Mtoe/year for 2000-2014 and increased of about 0.7 Mtoe/year after.

This chart shows the breakdown in energy use (trillions of Btus) and energy intensity (thousands of Btus per square foot) for each building type and age bracket of residential housing. they constructed a series of probability distributions for different housing parameters in the US. Figure 7: Drivers of household energy consumption at EU level.

), a very neat interface for exploring a huge simulation of US residential energy use built by NREL (a similar one for commercial buildings is coming later this year.) For household appliances, consumption has been increasing since 2000, but this increase has slowed down since 2014. make up another ~18% of the square footage, and the balance goes to mobile and manufactured homes. Over 90% of housing space in the US consists of single family homes and low-rise apartment buildings. Other than mobile homes, we dont see a huge amount of variation in energy intensity between different types of housing (single family, multifamily, etc.) 6 0 obj Housing in the US varies widely along a huge number of dimensions. Using a variety of data sources (census data, builders surveys, energy consumption surveys, etc.) On a square-foot basis, single family homes actually use less energy than multifamily housing. endstream endobj startxref So lets drill down and look at housing just in a particular climate region. Until the move to induction technology in the last decade, electric cookstoves tended to be rare and most people preferred gas appliances. Modern housing uses substantially less energy than older housing on a per-square-foot basis. Taken together, those homes use around 11.4 quadrillion BTus of energy annually, which is a bit over 20% (as of 2014) of all the energy used in the US. Different quantities that should equal each other dont (for instance, if you divide the total energy use by the total square footage for each building type, you get a different energy use per unit area than the dashboard provides), and it seems to miscount quantities in some locations (it appears to double-count single family attached homes, for instance.) If you instead compare energy per person though, the US looks way worse - we use somewhere in the neighborhood of 38 million Btus per person per year on average, compared to around 23 million in France. x][gfg+,mueY{)ATDE@T* %7IL1vE%3Sv=':==-vv. How does this compare to multifamily housing? Based on the methodology developed in the European Odyssee-Mure project, which allows to distinguish between several effects, we have highlighted a slowdown in energy efficiency progress in the residential sector at EU level since 2014. make up another ~18% of the square footage, and the balance goes to mobile and manufactured homes. Lets investigate the possible causes of this slowdown. Multifamily buildings taller than 3 stories make up just over 3% of US housing by floor area - your mental model of typical apartment building should be a garden apartment rather than an urban high-rise (the US actually has more square footage in mobile homes than it does in multifamily buildings taller than 3 stories). endstream Most of that extra energy comes from heating - ~65% of energy use in pre-1940s homes goes towards heating, compared to ~40% in post-1980s homes, and pre-1940s housing uses more energy per square foot for heating than post-1980 housing uses overall. Heres energy use for homes built post 2010 for all different climate regions in the US. Construction Physics is produced in partnership with the Institute for Progress, a Washington, DC-based think tank.

5 0 obj It also gives a more granular look at exactly what energy gets spent on in a home - how much is allocated to heating, to cooling, etc, as well as what type of fuel is used. The households ODEX is currently calculated on the basis of 11 household end-uses or appliances2. Another large difference is the amount of non-heating electricity used. A 50-year difference in house age translates to roughly a 50% reduction in energy use. <> Likewise, differences in energy use between the US and European houses stem from the fact that US homes are much larger than European ones.

49% of US residential building floor area was built prior to 1980, and more than 10% was built prior to 1940. The biggest difference comes from the fact that multifamily housing uses much more electric heating, and less natural gas or fuel oil, than single family homes do. But energy use per square foot averaged across all US housing is kind of a weird metric. .) %%EOF So what is all that energy being used for? tells us how energy use varies from region to region, and across different housing types, but the ResStock data lets us look at different combinations of parameters. The US has more than twice as much housing space in pre-1940 single family homes as it does in large apartment buildings. A more granular breakdown of home electricity use can be found in the base ResStock data.). (replacing fossil fuel appliances and heat sources with electric ones) is an important aspect of dealing with climate change, it's useful to know where that will have the greatest impact. - I expected multifamily construction to use lower energy per square foot. 0 I suspect the mechanism here is that some types of energy use dont scale linearly with home size - a 1000 square foot apartment and a 2000 square foot house, for instance, might both use similar amounts of energy for the fridge, dishwasher, microwave, washer/dryer, etc. Energy use per unit area gives us a way to compare different types of housing without the distortion caused by different home sizes. The more granular age breakdown also shows that newer housing continues to get more energy efficient - a house built in the 2010s in a cold climate requires roughly 70% less energy for heating than a pre-1960s house. We see that most building types use energy roughly in proportion to their fraction of overall square footage - single family homes, for instance, make up just over 80% of residential energy use, just a bit more than their total fraction of housing space. Between 2000 and 2019, the household consumption has decreased by 8.5 Mtoe. The result is an extremely fine-grained model of how energy is used across US homes. First, a bit about the source. As a paid subscriber, youll help support this work and also gain access to a, Construction Physics is produced in partnership with the Institute for Progress, a Washington, DC-based think tank. Better than you might expect. in proportion to their fraction of overall square footage - single family homes, for instance, make up just over 80% of residential energy use, just a bit more than their total fraction of housing space. For one, it lumps in a bunch of radically different housing types together (which is why average energy intensity includes both electric and natural gas heating.) How does 1940s housing in the Northeast vary from 2010s housing in the South? Virtually no difference, once again. These posts will always remain free, but if you find this work valuable, I encourage you to become a paid subscriber. And the lions share of that extra energy use comes in the form of increased on-site fuel burning - natural gas, fuel oil, or propane. These effects can be of several types, e.g., direct (increase in consumption of heating energy because of better insulated homes or more efficient heating systems), energy market related (energy consumption increases as fuel costs decreases, as it has been the case in Ireland after 2014), For example, in France 35% of the renovation works between 2014 and 2016 were over one aspect only. Figure 5: Households heating consumption per m2 (climate corrected), *Notes: 2002 for UK, 2003 for Portugal; no data available before 2008 for Luxembourg and before 2016 for Malta. Mean annual energy savings drop from 5 Mtoe/year before 2014 to 3 Mtoe/year after, which confirms the slowdown in energy savings discussed above. I couldnt readily find energy consumption just for recent European construction. %PDF-1.5 % The majority of that square footage is found in single family homes, which make up a bit over 75% of residential square footage. How does 1940s housing in the Northeast vary from 2010s housing in the South? However, a significant slowdown has been observed since 2014: the reduction in ODEX has been twice lower, mainly because of limited efficiency gains for space heating (the largest end-use), and, to a lower extent, water heating and cooking. The above is just for single family, but we see a roughly similar energy budget across different housing types. For another, there will be selection effects at work - if newer houses were built in milder climates that required less heating, new houses would show lower energy consumption purely by virtue of where they were built. While the consumption of residential buildings has decreased overall over the period 2000-2019 (sometimes with large inter annual variations due to climatic variability, see Figure 1), this decrease cannot be entirely attributed to energy efficiency improvements. endobj France is roughly average for both energy use and dwelling size. The trends by country for heating consumption per m2 of dwellings (Figure 5)mostly correspond to those observed for household energy consumption (Figure 4). To deal with this, ResStock uses a statistical approach. At the EU 27 level, the unit consumption for space heating has decreased from 2.1%/year over 2000-2014 to 0.6%/year since 2014. Multifamily buildings (duplexes, apartments, condos, etc.) At the EU level, buildings account for 43% of final consumption. . So lets take a look and see what we find. Housing in the US varies widely along a huge number of dimensions. Less new construction, that have very high, The quality of renovation of existing dwellings. We see a fairly uniform decrease in energy intensity with age - no matter the type, older homes use significantly more energy per square foot than newer ones, with the oldest homes using twice as much or more than the newer ones. The data comes from ResStock, a simulation designed to model US residential energy use at a much greater level of detail than had been done previously. (The NREL report makes specific mention of this as something important to address, but I suspect this is mostly a self-solving problem, as these tend to drop out of the building stock much faster than conventional homes do.). 2016, Directorate general for Internal Policies (European Parliament). Well compare Arizona and California, two states that each have portions in the hot dry climate zone. If you think. Differences in energy use come from the fact that single family homes are much larger than multifamily housing. Lighting and air-conditioning each account for less than 1%. stream Ideally wed like to look at age within a building type (and vice versa - look at all building types within a particular age bracket). Figure 4: Annual growth rate of energy consumption by end-use. These distributions were constructed based on correlations between the various parameters - the distribution of housing ages looks very different in the Northeast than the South, for instance, and the amount of insulation will vary depending on how old your house is. Figure 6: Trends in household energy efficiency at EU level, according to ODEX, Heating, water heating, cooking, cooling, lighting, refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, dishwashers, dryer and TVs. What if we look at states in cold climates? Specifically, ODEX1 is calculated by weighting the index of each end-use by the share of the end-use in the sector's energy consumption. How does this compare to a less thermally intensive climate zone? Within multifamily, we see the majority of square footage is in smaller buildings - 2 to 4 unit buildings, or buildings 3 stories or less. Iyr]fY&FG Iv~|7 Xl`|zzB6>a/ 3=k{H1xQ[?e The four dominant end-uses, which represent in total 98% of the dwelling consumption, are, by order of magnitude, space heating (65% in 2019), water heating (14% in 2019), appliances (13%)and cooking (6% in 2019)(Figure 3). For the period 2014-2019, the trends are more contrasted between countries, with mainly 3 types of evolution (Figure 2): At the EU 27 level, the decreasing trend of energy consumption per dwelling is slowing down after 2014 (-1.3%/year for 2000-2014 and -0.2%/year for 2014-2019). Other effects come into play, such as the evolution of the built surface, energy prices, occupant behaviours, occupancy rates, etc.