30 respondents for quantitative research

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30 respondents for quantitative research

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30 respondents for quantitative research

We next review the existing conceptual and empirical literature on sample size determination. Hays DG, Wood C, Dahl H, Kirk-Jenkins A. Methodological rigor in journal of counseling & development qualitative research articles: a 15-year review. 17.3%) consented to participate but four did not then respond to further contacts (total N=19). Interestingly, only a minority of articles alluded to, or invoked, a type of generalisation that is aligned with qualitative research, that is, idiographic generalisation (i.e. In: Ritchie J, Lewis J, editors. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findingspaper 5: how to assess adequacy of data. Boyatzis RE. A sample of eight participants was deemed appropriate because of the exploratory nature of this research and the focus on identifying underlying ideas about the topic. Two articles reported pre-determining their sample size with a view to achieving data saturation (BMJ08 see extract in section In line with existing research; BMJ15 see extract in section Pragmatic considerations) without further specifying if this was achieved. 2012; http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf. The other two BJHP articles conducted thematic analysis (BJHP34; BJHP38). They noted that their sample was relatively homogeneous, their research aims focused, so studies of more heterogeneous samples and with a broader scope would be likely to need a larger size to achieve saturation. As such, care should be taken not to overstate the findings. This study had a large diverse sample, recruited through a range of locations and used in-depth interviews which enhance the richness and generalizability of the results. Cookies policy. Five BJHP articles (BJHP28; BJHP38 see extract in section Qualities of the analysis; BJHP46; BJHP47; BJHP50 see extract in section Saturation) and one SHI paper (SHI73) relied on citing existing sample size guidelines or norms within research traditions to determine and subsequently defend their sample size (7.2% of all justifications). 0000008357 00000 n Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers.

J Couns Dev. 2016;981992.

Seven of the 19 SHI articles cited references to support their position on saturation (see AdditionalFile4 for the full list of citations used by articles to support their position on saturation across the three journals). Finally, one BMJ paper (BMJ21) defended its sample size with reference to the complexity of the analytic task. 2010;25(10):122945. Although a small-scale qualitative study related to school counselling, this analysis can be usefully regarded as a case study of the successful utilisation of mental health-related resources by adolescents. These are described below and illustrated with excerpts from relevant articles. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8. 2016;i563:352. The analysis showed that there were three main characterisations of the sample size in the articles that provided relevant comments and discussion: (a) the vast majority of these qualitative studies (n=42) considered their sample size as small and this was seen and discussed as a limitation; only two articles viewed their small sample size as desirable and appropriate (b) a minority of articles (n=4) proclaimed that their achieved sample size was sufficient; and (c) finally, a small group of studies (n=5) characterised their sample size as large. 0000001056 00000 n respondents Data saturation in qualitative research Qual Rep. 2015;20(9):140816. 2016;19(6):73943. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. PLoS Med 2009; 6(7): e1000097. We stopped recruitment when we reached 3035 interviews, owing to the depth and duration of interviews, richness of data, and complexity of the analytical task. respondents reproductive quantitative matrilineal BMJ. Nevertheless, this more formulaic approach raised criticisms relating to assumptions about the conceptual [43] and ontological status of themes [44] and the linearity ascribed to the processes of sampling, data collection and data analysis [45]. According to the original Grounded Theory texts, data collection should continue until there are no new discoveries (i.e., data saturation; Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Moreover, although numbers in qualitative research are not unimportant [61], sample size should not be considered alone but be embedded in the more encompassing examination of data adequacy [56, 57]. Sobal [34] examined the sample size of qualitative studies published in the Journal of Nutrition Education over a period of 30years. This implicit reference point became more apparent when authors discussed the threats deriving from an insufficient sample size. 2001;24(3):23040. Using this approach it was possible to more carefully explore childrens discourse about the I, agency, relationality and power in the thematic areas, revealing the subtle discursive variations described in this article. [24] called for more rigor since a significant minority of studies did not report precise sample size. At this point, data generation was terminated. 2015;18(6):66984. Without explicitly using the term generalisation, two SHI articles noted how their small sample size imposed limits on the extent that we can extrapolate from these participants accounts (SHI114) or to the possibility to draw far-reaching conclusions from the results (SHI124). A systematic analysis of single-interview-per-participant designs within three health-related journals from the disciplines of psychology, sociology and medicine, over a 15-year period, was conducted to examine whether and how sample sizes were justified and how sample size was characterised and discussed by authors. London: Sage; 2007. Qual Res. Br J Manag. A further systematic analysis [32] of health education research over 20years demonstrated that interview-based studies averaged 104 participants (range 2 to 720 interviewees). Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S. et al. CAS

We believe that such an analysis would yield useful insights as it links the methodological issue of sample size to the broader philosophical stance of the research. Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. As a result, purposive sampling [6, 7] as opposed to probability sampling employed in quantitative research selects information-rich cases [8]. Sample size and grounded theory. (BJHP32). 0000034612 00000 n Article

Correspondence to Nelson J. Qual Health Res. Other articles appeared to accept and acknowledge that their sample was flawed because of its small size (as well as other compositional deficits e.g. 0000007668 00000 n Though not always explicitly articulated to what form of generalisation the articles referred to (see BJHP09), generalisation was mostly conceived in nomothetic terms, that is, it concerned the potential to draw inferences from the sample to the broader study population (representational generalisation see BJHP31) and less often to other populations or cultures.

In the BJHP, four articles mentioned pragmatic considerations relating to time or financial constraints (BJHP27 see extract in section Saturation; BJHP53), the participant response rate (BJHP13), and the fixed (and thus limited) size of the participant pool from which interviewees were sampled (BJHP18). One article (BMJ18) cited a reference to support its position on saturation. Additionally, qualitative samples are purposive, that is, selected by virtue of their capacity to provide richly-textured information, relevant to the phenomenon under investigation. In the BMJ, two studies claimed that they achieved data saturation (BMJ17; BMJ18) and one article referred descriptively to achieving saturation without explicitly using the term (BMJ13).

studies that quantified their qualitative data were excluded). If an article was published in the BJHP, the odds of providing a justification were 4.8 times higher than if published in the SHI. 0000003859 00000 n 1530 interviews) projects. Claims of saturation were sometimes supported with citations of other literature, suggesting a removal of the concept away from the characteristics of the study at hand. London: Sage; 2003. p. 77108. Choosing a suitable sample size in qualitative research is an area of conceptual debate and practical uncertainty. (SHI50). Moreover, and with the rise of qualitative research in social sciences, efforts to synthesise existing evidence and assess its quality are obstructed by poor reporting [58, 59].

(BMJ17). (BMJ13). Finally, SHI112 (see extract in section Further sampling to check findings consistency) argued that it achieved saturation of discursive patterns. 0000012498 00000 n BJHP47 explicitly renounced the notion of saturation within an IPA approach. Only occasionally was analytic or idiographic generalisation invoked to warrant the value of the studys findings [5, 17]. Their analysis of interview data showed that code saturation (i.e. Cite this article. The current study employed a sample of 10 in keeping with the aim of exploring each participants account (Smith et al., 1999). 0000002135 00000 n Baker SE, Edwards R. How many qualitative interviews is enough? (SHI81). Meeting sampling requirements (7.2% of all justifications) was another argument employed by two BMJ and four SHI articles to explain their sample size. Sample size in grounded theory cannot be determined a priori as it is contingent on the evolving theoretical categories. (BMJ08). Indeed there were a few instances in our data where authors appeared, possibly in response to reviewers, to resist to some sort of quantification of their results. Book In the BMJ, one article (BMJ15) appealed to pragmatic reasons, relating to time constraints and the difficulty to access certain study populations, to justify the determination of its sample size. (DOCX 14 kb).

This research was initially conceived of and partly conducted with financial support from the Multidisciplinary Assessment of Technology Centre for Healthcare (MATCH) programme (EP/F063822/1 and EP/G012393/1). Focusing on single-interview-per-participant qualitative designs, the present study aims to further contribute to the dialogue of sample size in qualitative research by offering empirical evidence around justification practices associated with sample size. Theoretical sampling describes an iterative process of data collection, data analysis and theory development whereby data collection is governed by emerging theory rather than predefined characteristics of the population. Undoubtedly, the most widely used principle for determining sample size and evaluating its sufficiency is that of saturation. This was in order to enable significant reflection, dialogue, and time on each transcript and was in line with the more latent level of analysis employed, to identify underlying ideas, rather than a more superficial descriptive analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Borsci S, Macredie RD, Barnett J, Martin J, Kuljis J, Young T. Reviewing and extending the five-user assumption: a grounded procedure for interaction evaluation. Glenton C, Carlsen B, Lewin S, Munthe-Kaas H, Colvin CJ, Tunalp , et al. PLoS One. Article

Accessed 17 May 2018. Two studies argued that they achieved thematic saturation (BJHP28 see extract in section Sample size guidelines; BJHP31) and one (BJHP30) article, explicitly concerned with theory development and deploying theoretical sampling, claimed both theoretical and data saturation. Spencer L, Ritchie J, Lewis J, Dillon L. Quality in qualitative evaluation: a framework for assessing research evidence. Guetterman TC.

There was no association between the number of interviews (i.e. We also extracted or coded quantitative data regarding the following aspects: Presence of sample size justification(s) (Yes/No), Presence of a particular sample size justification category (Yes/No), and, Number of sample size justifications provided. California Privacy Statement, Greenhalgh T, Annandale E, Ashcroft R, Barlow J, Black N, Bleakley A, et al. This mitigates against clear-cut guidelines, invariably applied. Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology.

The notion of saturation originates in grounded theory [15] a qualitative methodological approach explicitly concerned with empirically-derived theory development and is inextricably linked to theoretical sampling. Dai NT, Free C, Gendron Y. Interview-based research in accounting 20002014: a review. Recruitment and analysis ceased once theoretical saturation was reached in the categories described below (Lincoln and Guba 1985). Following the logic of informational comprehensiveness Malterud et al. Despite this, although nuances within sub-themes were still emerging towards the end of data analysis, the themes themselves were being replicated indicating a level of completeness. Psychol Health. BMC Med Res Methodol 18, 148 (2018). and methods Res Aging. Recommendations for designing and reviewing qualitative research in psychology: promoting methodological integrity. (SHI80). (SHI01). Finally, analysing 641 interview-based articles in accounting, Dai et al. Accessed 17 May 2018.

The current study has a number of limitations. Accessed 17 May 2018. Grounded theory saturation (often called theoretical saturation) concerns the theoretical categories as opposed to data that are being developed and becomes evident when gathering fresh data no longer sparks new theoretical insights, nor reveals new properties of your core theoretical categories [46 p. 113]. Fusch PI, Ness LR. As shown above, the majority of articles that commented on their sample size, simultaneously characterized it as small and problematic. These narratives were evident both in papers that justified their sample size and those that did not. Within each of the age-stratified groups, interviews were randomly sampled until saturation of discursive patterns was achieved. A minority of articles discussed how sample-related limitations (with the latter most often concerning the type of sample, rather than the size) limited generalizability. (BMJ21). Secondly, we invite researchers critically to consider how saturation parameters found in prior methodological studies and sample size community norms might best inform, and apply to, their own project and encourage that data adequacy is best appraised with reference to features that are intrinsic to the study at hand. Kerr C, Nixon A, Wild D. Assessing and demonstrating data saturation in qualitative inquiry supporting patient-reported outcomes research. Data were saturated. (SHI131).

Dey I. Grounding grounded theory. 2013;20(5):29. BMJ21 (see extract in section Qualities of the analysis) and SHI32 referred to the richness, detailed nature, and volume of data collected (2.3% of all justifications) to justify the sufficiency of their sample size. Examining additional disciplines (e.g. Despite the conceptual and methodological developments in the area, the findings of the present study confirm previous studies in concluding that appraisals of sample size sufficiency are either absent or poorly substantiated. 0000004729 00000 n BJHP17 referred descriptively to a state of achieved saturation without specifically using the term. Similarly, BJHP38 (see extract in section Qualities of the analysis) claimed that its sample size was within the range of sample sizes of published studies that use its analytic approach. On the basis of this analysis, the categories that expressed qualitatively different sample size justifications were developed.

To strengthen the explanation for choosing a non-normative sample size, previous IPA research citing a similar sample size approach is used as a precedent. Luborsky MR, Rubinstein RL. It is an important consideration in evaluations of the quality and trustworthiness of much qualitative research [1] and is implicated particularly for research that is situated within a post-positivist tradition and retains a degree of commitment to realist ontological premises in appraisals of validity and generalizability [2,3,4,5]. Only one article (SHI30) used the term transferability to argue for the potential of wider relevance of the results which was thought to be more the product of the composition of the sample (i.e. Guetterman [27] also examined health-related literature but this analysis was restricted to 26 most highly cited articles published over a period of five years whilst Carlsen and Glentons [22] study concentrated on focus groups health research. Expert Rev Med Devices. Manen M, Higgins I, Riet P. A conversation with max van Manen on phenomenology in its original sense. Similarly, whilst methodological research that seeks to demonstrate the achievement of saturation is invaluable since it explicates the parameters upon which saturation is contingent and indicates when a research project is likely to require a smaller or a larger sample [e.g. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Four BJHP studies, all adopting IPA, expressed the appropriateness or desirability of small sample sizes (BJHP41; BJHP45) or hastened to explain why they included a larger than typical sample size (BJHP32; BJHP47). Emmel N. Themes, variables, and the limits to calculating sample size in qualitative research: a response to Fugard and Potts.