In reaching out to international communities, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)[3] of the United Nations (UN) is responsible for coordination responses to emergencies. Forsythe, David.
Though a significant amount of work is under way to develop software and algorithms for verifying crowdsourced or anonymously provided data, such tools are not yet operational or widely available. 0000001937 00000 n
Irenees.net is a documentary website whose purpose is to promote an exchange of knowledge and know-how at the service of the construction of an Art of peace.This website is coordinated byModus Operandi, Analysis file (29), The implicit ethical messages conveyed through aid may include: carrying the message of acceptance of the terms of war by negotiating passage with warring parties or hiring armed guards to protect the delivery; bestowing legitimacy on warriors and undermining peace-time values (when, for example, it becomes obvious that the aid organisation values the life of its own international staff higher than that of local people); and reinforcing animosity by making atrocities committed in the course of the war public in their fundraising campaigns. However, the conflation is viewed critically by practitioners. The significance only grew with time in the revision and adaptation of the Geneva Convention in 1906, 1929 and 1949; additionally, supplementary treaties granted protection to hospital ships, prisoners of war and most importantly to civilians in wartime. UNDP, UNHCR, World Food Program, UNICEF), and the World Bank. 2015 Jun;4(2). Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: What's stopping aid getting in? [49] This includes the integration of their children into local education systems, maintenance of food security at the familial level, and provision of access to health services. Artificial intelligence algorithms may instantaneously assess flooding, building and road damage based on satellite images and weather forecasts, allowing rescuers to distribute emergency aid more effectively and identify those still in danger and isolated from escape routes. 300 0 obj <> endobj See Gass/van Dok 2000:56, and also Diringer 2001:19. [12][13] In 1854, when the Crimean War began[14] Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 nurses arrived to Barracks Hospital of Scutari where there were thousands of sick and wounded soldiers.
Dossier:
These include: 1. [62] Non-governmental organizations have in recent years made great efforts to increase participation, accountability and transparency in dealing with aid, yet humanitarian assistance remains a poorly understood process to those meant to be receiving itmuch greater investment needs to be made into researching and investing in relevant and effective accountability systems. In the assessment phase, several UN agencies meet to compile data and work on a humanitarian response plan. International/intergovernmental agencies such as the UN agencies (e.g. On the other hand, impact analyses of single projects may show what worked in a certain case, but are of limited use in formulating general lessons on how to achieve positive impact.(33).
[18] All of these improvements are pillars of modern humanitarian intervention. (18) Some even speak of a continuum concept: Development Co-operation - Emergency Relief - Rehabilitation - Development Co-operation, with the principal focus on the use of emergency relief and rehabilitation to support development of local structures and capacities capable of sustainable development.(19). Both share aspects in common: the unity and interdependency of all parts of the world and the responsibility of all citizens of the world to counteract the destructive processes currently under way in the context of industrialisation and globalisation.(15). A simultaneous campaign was launched in response to the Great Famine of 187678 in India. 
Bugnion, Francois. 0000128760 00000 n
Nurs Midwifery Stud. Data that are collected or generated through digital or mobile mechanisms will often pose additional challenges, especially regarding the verification when the information comes from social media. (17): United Nation Volunteers are a small UN organisation founded in 1970, and administered under the auspices of the UN Development Programme (UNDP). (22): DAC Task Force on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation: DAC Guidelines on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation, Paris: OCD 1997. 2015 Jun;4(2). (1): One other factor may be the transformation of Eastern Europe, which has made necessary political strategies that combine development with conflict prevention or transformation. 0000004708 00000 n
See Slim 1997:123. To start, Dunant was able to profoundly stir the emotions of his readers by bringing the battle and suffering into their homes, equipping them to understand the current barbaric state of war and treatment of soldiers after they were injured or killed; in of themselves these accounts altered the course of history. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 15. Women have limited access to paid work, are at risk of child marriage, and are more exposed to Gender based violence, such as rape and domestic abuse. A Famine Relief Fund was set up in the United Kingdom and had raised 426,000 within the first few months. Demilitarisation (e.g. International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1306. [62], However, there is little clear consensus on the trade-offs between speed and control, especially in emergency situations when the humanitarian imperative of saving lives and alleviating suffering may conflict with the time and resources required to minimise corruption risks. women specific challenges are listed and sex and age disaggregated data are used so when they deliver aid to a country facing a humanitarian crisis, girls and women can have access to the aid they need. Resource transfers may feed into, prolong and worsen conflict in the following ways: 1. There have been accounts of humanitarian aid being not only inefficacious, but actually fuelling conflicts in the recipient countries. 0000006751 00000 n
While organisations try to transfer Northern values and technologies to the South, it is becoming more and more clear that the Northern way leads to an impasse, that development aid often has negative impact on local economies, and that it inhibits rather then supports self-reliance. Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing. Another fairly typical service offered by development agencies as well as by the Civil Peace Services is trauma counselling for children and refugees. Cultural work/media, e.g.
[17][19] Despite little to no experience as a medical physician, Dunant worked alongside local volunteers to assist the wounded soldiers from all warring parties, including Austrian, Italian and French casualties, in any way he could including the provision of food, water, and medical supplies. As many as 10 million people may have died in the famine. Additionally, there are also UN volunteers in projects carried out by particular governments (UNV auf einen Blick - die wichtigsten Statistiken fr 1994. Four of the most widely known initiatives are, ALNAP, the CHS Alliance, the Sphere Project and the Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability (CHS). "[59] Similarly, another study also shows that aid flows can "reduce conflict because increasing aid revenues can relax government budget constraints, which can [in return] increase military spending and deter opposing groups from engaging in conflict. Hosein Karimi, Negin Masoudi Alavi. [50] The approach also encompasses humanitarian transportation, the goal of which is to ensure migrants and refugees retain access to basic goods/services and the labor market. [37], A 2004 reform initiative by Jan Egeland, resulted in the creation of the Humanitarian Cluster System, designed to improve coordination between humanitarian agencies working on the same issues.[38]. [41], Aid is funded by donations from individuals, corporations, governments and other organizations.
These activities can be found in most of the work descriptions of development agencies - e.g. Some of the most powerful NGOs get the vast majority of their money from their own governments, whether from emergency operations or for development projects. [60] Aid stealing is one of the prime ways in which conflict is promoted by humanitarian aid. 0 This is partly (1) due to the growing number of humanitarian catastrophes in the last 10 years, creating an enormous challenge for both humanitarian aid and development aid. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (18591864)." "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (18591864)." (6): A comparative study of the relationship between development co-operation and conflict in six countries has shown that development projects may increase conflict potential as well as decrease it. %%EOF The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. (18): See Adams/Bradbury 1995:43, quoting ACORD. 2. Secondly, it might contribute to the support of civil society and the civilising of attitudes, values and institutions. 326 0 obj<>stream The first global summit on humanitarian diplomacy was held in 2016 in Istanbul, Turkey. [44] However, evidence has shown how cash transfers can be better for recipients as it gives them choice and control, they can be more cost-efficient and better for local markets and economies. 0000004089 00000 n Aid can be seized by armed groups, and even if it does reach the intended recipients, "it is difficult to exclude local members of local militia group from being direct recipients if they are also malnourished and qualify to receive aid. Support of judicial system, e.g. ; and the Code of Conduct of International Alert (which is really a conflict transformation, not a development organisation). [59] However, the effectiveness of humanitarian aid, particularly food aid, in conflict-prone regions has been criticized in recent years. (30), Development co-operation includes a long list of possible negative impacts, some of which have been raised for more than 30 years now as general criticism of development aid. Distributional effects: Aid is usually targeted to certain groups which means that other people do not receive it, thereby tending to reinforce the conflict, especially if one of the groups is identifiable with pre-formed sides in the conflict. More nurses arrived to aid in the efforts and the General Hospital at Scutari was able to care for 6,000 patients. (24): Services Overseas in Mexico and Mozambique.
The majority of aid is provided in the form of in-kind goods or assistance, with cash and vouchers constituting only 6% of total humanitarian spending. 3. International NGOs (e.g. (22) According to these recommendations, development co-operation might contribute to good governance, respect of human rights, and the reform of police and juridical apparatus, by training personnel and counselling those responsible for such reforms. Forsythe, David. However, to my knowledge only a few generalisations can be made so far. For example, the Norwegian Refugee Council has an emergency stand-by force of 600 men and women in Norway and Africa, ready to reach an area of crisis with 72 hours. [52], The recent rise in Big Data, high-resolution satellite imagery and new platforms powered by advanced computing have already prompted the development of crisis mapping to help humanitarian organizations make sense of the vast volume and velocity of information generated during disasters. [17] Her findings were that in every 1,000 soldiers, 600 were dying of communicable and infectious diseases. [79], Material or logistical assistance for people in need, "Succour" redirects here. State institutions and organisations in the target countries; A growing number of organisations world-wide are concentrating on humanitarian aid. 0000092607 00000 n [16] Typhus, typhoid, cholera and dysentery were common in the army hospitals. Les trangers face linjonction permanente de justifier leur prsence, Frantz Fanon : Repenser les catgories raciales et le fonctionnement du racisme, Aim Csaire pour une pense anti-coloniale autonome et contre lindpendance tatique des Antilles, Nonviolent conflict interventions in the panorama of work on conflicts.
In addition, there are various other types of organisations that do not deal with emergency aid at all. (Diringer 2001:18). There has been an increasing recognition of the relationship of both humanitarian aid and development aid with conflict and conflict transformation. Many humanitarian and development organisations have developed codes of conduct (20) which outline principles of approach as well as more pragmatic dos and donts. [21] Beyond this, in his two-week experience attending to the wounded soldiers of all nationalities, Dunant inadvertently established the vital conceptual pillars of what would later become the International Committee of the Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law: impartiality and neutrality. To this field belongs the support of traditional mechanisms of dealing with conflict, of NGO networks and peace constituencies, education and independent media. 0000002116 00000 n
[53], Satellite imagery is now used to predict how many people will be displaced from their homes and where they will likely move. In his opinion, humanitarian aid is acceptable in the eyes of the authorities, whereas protection is politically controversial; most massive NGOs are aware that they are providing protection with their presence but do not make this claim publicly.(21).
Belligerence: When international staff approach every encounter with local authority exhibiting an air of belligerence, suspicion and the implicit threat of invoking their power (threatening to withdraw aid, for example), then the message transmitted is that relationships are rightly based on power, suspicion and toughness. A 2015 survey conducted by The Guardian, with aid workers of the Global Development Professionals Network, revealed that 79 percent experienced mental health issues.
in the not yet published and not-quotable case studies of the Reflecting on Peace Practices-Project, the interviews I conducted with representatives of development agencies and different other publications, e.g. In: [High Level Panel on Humanitarian Cash Transfers, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response, Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Rule 55.
see Central Emergency Response Fund).
In a later stage, it might mean assistance with physical reconstruction, resettlement of refugees and reintegration of former combatants. [44], It is important to note that humanitarian aid is not only delivered through aid workers sent by bilateral, multilateral or intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations. [22] Dunant took these ideas and came up with two more ingenious concepts that would profoundly alter the practice of war; first Dunant envisioned a creation of permanent volunteer relief societies, much like the ad hoc relief group he coordinated in Solferino, to assist wounded soldiers; next Dunant began an effort to call for the adoption of a treaty which would guarantee the protection of wounded soldiers and any who attempted to come to their aid. ; and the four Geneva conventions of 1949. 0000002423 00000 n International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013):1326, Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron".
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 17. Development co-operation entails many activities, for example: technological support, rural development, livelihood support projects and the like, which may have only an indirect impact on conflict. 0000007187 00000 n The most prevalent issue faced by humanitarian aid workers is PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (18591864)." [66] In 2010, it was reported that the humanitarian fieldworker population increased by approximately 6% per year over the previous 10 years. 0000007032 00000 n 0000001711 00000 n Now more and more development and aid organisations recognise that the sustainability of their efforts depends on a safe environment. Attendees at the summit agreed a series of reforms on aid spending called the Grand Bargain,[40] including a commitment to spend 25% of aid funds directly through local and national humanitarian aid organizations. saying things such as we dont work the way they work; we are better and they get it wrong), the message received by those in the area is that if you do not agree with someone, you do not have to work with them or respect them - which is another message of warfare. (24), 7.
[33] British missionary Timothy Richard first called international attention to the famine in Shandong in the summer of 1876 and appealed to the foreign community in Shanghai for money to help the victims. International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1300. (28): By importing goods for relief and distributing them free of charge, donors can bring about the collapse of the local economy, and/or of informal networks of people helping each other. [62] Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have highlighted the need to tackle corruption with, but not limited to, the following methods:[62], Countries or war parties that prevent humanitarian relief are generally under unanimous criticism.
[34] To combat the famine, an international network was set up to solicit donations. [30] For the first time in contemporary history, it was acknowledged by a representative selection of states that war had limits. The distinction between combatant and non-combatants, This page was last edited on 22 July 2022, at 02:48. The ICRC was a response to - the battle of Solferino. Collaboration: When aid agencies refuse to co-operate with each other, and even worse, bad-mouth one another (e.g. trailer [58] Throughout the plans. [15] Nightingale and her team watched as the understaffed military hospitals struggled to maintain hygienic conditions and meet the needs of patients. There is a debate on linking humanitarian aid and development efforts, which was reinforced by the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. In some cases, development organisations have also engaged in peacekeeping activities. Bugnion, Francois. An increase in United States' wheat aid increased the duration of armed civil conflicts in recipient countries, and ethnic polarization heightened this effect. The need for aid is ever-increasing and has long outstripped the financial resources available. (7), There are many lessons to be learned from humanitarian aid and development work, concerning mainly the Do No Harm approach and other issues of impact by presence in the field; the question of partiality and impartiality; and several issues concerning organisational structures (8) and activities, e.g. [54] On the other hand, aid that is given across subgroups can serve to lessen the division between groups. (8): For example, several organisations have a larger number of personnel standing by for emergency deployment. He is the General Secretary of the Pan-African movement.). There can be different arrangements on the role these agencies play, and such arrangement affects that quality of hard and soft aid delivered. 1911 Feb;11(5):34657. See Gass/van Dok 2000:52. Although the authorities have been criticized for their laissez-faire attitude during the famine, relief measures were introduced towards the end. While some critics were questioning whether the sector will truly benefit from the implementation of yet another humanitarian standard, others have praised it for its simplicity. (25) Another organisation (AGEH) sent a development worker to support the landless movement in Brazil where his presence clearly served the additional function of deterring armed attacks.(26). It has dealt with the question of what impact humanitarian aid might have on conflict, and eventually formulated a set of issues for awareness, based on a number of case studiesusually known as the Do No Harm approach. 0000128582 00000 n [43], Humanitarian aid spans a wide range of activities, including providing food aid, shelter, education, healthcare or protection.
0000056335 00000 n Roche 2000. [28], The first of the renowned Geneva Conventions was signed on 22 August 1864; never before in history has a treaty so greatly impacted how warring parties engage with one another. Waste and corruption are hard to quantify, in part because they are often a taboo subject, but they appear to be significant in humanitarian aid. Legitimisation effects: Aid legitimises some people and some actions, and de-legitimises others.
International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1323. [67], Aid workers are exposed to tough conditions and have to be flexible, resilient, and responsible in an environment that humans are not psychologically supposed to deal with, in such severe conditions that trauma is common. [citation needed], Big data for humanitarian operations provides a unique opportunity to access instantaneously contextual information about pending and ongoing humanitarian crises. The most well-known origin story of formalized humanitarian aid is that of Henri Dunant, a Swiss businessman and social activist, who upon seeing the sheer destruction and inhumane abandonment of wounded soldiers from the Battle of Solferino in June 1859, canceled his plans and began a relief response. (See Ropers 1999:10). (19): Concept of the German Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit-GTZ. 0000002558 00000 n What Florence Nightingale Did for Mankind. Larger lessons-learned projects such as Reflecting on Peace Processes by the same group of organisations which developed the Do No Harm approach, or the comparable project by the European Platform on Conflict Prevention, are still under way and have yet to publish their results. i "4I00iXEVL7/8y3s z (14): See Humanitarian Charter 2000:9 f. (16): Even those based only in one country, like the German Dienste in bersee, have more then 260 development workers in the field. Organisations like Mdecins sans Frontires (13) publish regularly on human rights issues, and base their decisions on active involvement in a crisis area more on a day-by-day risk analysis, than on the formal invitation or permission of the government of the respective country in which they want to work. Access for Humanitarian Relief to Civilians in Need, "Global Humanitarian Overview 2021 [EN/AR/FR/ES]", "The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "Rationales of Humanitarianism: The Case of British Relief to Germany, 18051815", "The Good Plumpuddings' Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars", "How a Report on Ethiopia's 'Biblical Famine' Changed the World", "In 1984 Eritrea was part of Ethiopia, where some of the song's proceeds were spent", "Localisation in the Context of UK Government Engagement With the Humanitarian Reform Agenda", "United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)", "Doing cash differently: How cash transfers can transform humanitarian aid", "Humanitarian Diplomacy: A New Research Agenda", "RMRP 2022 FOR REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS FROM VENEZUELA", "Humanitarian Technology: A Critical Research Agenda", "Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and ferocity. [48], The UN implements a multifaceted approach to assist migrants and refugees throughout their relocation process. [29] The basic tenents of the convention outlined the neutrality of medical services, including hospitals, ambulances, and related personnel, the requirement to care for and protect the sick and wounded during the conflict and something of particular symbolic importance to the International Committee of the Red Cross: the Red Cross emblem. International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1303, ugnion, Francois. 0000000016 00000 n It taps to the various members of Inter-Agency Standing Committee, whose members are responsible for providing emergency relief. In some cases the presence of humanitarian aid and development organisations may play a more general protective function: Mahony/Eguren give the example of Sri Lanka where according to one confidential source who had worked with both the UN and large international humanitarian NGOs in Sri Lanka, this sort of implicit protection was an even more important service to Sri Lanka than the actual material aid offered by either the UN or the NGOs. [32], Another such examples occurred in response to the Northern Chinese Famine of 18761879, brought about by a drought that began in northern China in 1875 and led to crop failures in the following years. Janku, Andrea (2001) "The North-China Famine of 18761879: Performance and Impact of a Non-Event."
(New York: Cornell University Press, 2008), 101. [36], Live Aid, a 1985 fund-raising effort headed by Bob Geldof induced millions of people in the West to donate money and to urge their governments to participate in the relief effort in Ethiopia. The 198385 famine in Ethiopia caused upwards of 1 million deaths and was documented by a BBC news crew, with Michael Buerk describing "a biblical famine in the 20th Century" and "the closest thing to hell on Earth". Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War. Unlike many diplomatic conferences before it, this conference's purpose was not to reach a settlement after a conflict nor to mediate between opposing interests; indeed this conference was to lay down rules for the future of conflict with aims to protect medical services and those wounded in battle. 0000004631 00000 n Barnett, Michael, and Weiss, Thomas. At the same time, the number of personnel the organisations maintain in the field varies substantially. International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1320. <<01B6D42AF36DE649A779CD2A9D957AEA>]>> But reconstruction work in general may also be important for dealing with conflict, as shown in the examples of activities of the Civil Peace Services in the last chapter. Impunity: When aid workers use the goods and support systems provided as aid to people who suffer for their own pleasures and purposes (such as taking a vehicle to the mountains for a weekend holiday - even when petrol is scarce), the message is that if one has control over resources, it is permissible to use them for personal benefit without being accountable to anyone else who may have a claim on these resources. Mdecins sans Frontires; Oxfam), NGOs based in one country (e.g. [8], The beginnings of organized international humanitarian aid can be traced to the late 19th century. The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross. (32): In Mozambique approximately 70% of the countrys gross domestic product in 1988 was development aid, and education and health care in the hands of NGOs instead of the government. Development aid has long been accused of cultural hegemonialism. Education, including non-violence training, work with youth on prejudice reduction, and help to come to grips with the past. His graphic account of the immense suffering he witnessed, written in his book A Memory of Solferino, became a foundational text to modern humanitarianism. 0000000836 00000 n United Nations Volunteers)(17) try successfully to avoid such a relationship that prompts images of colonial times. They work in development and reform projects, sometimes also in their own countries. Among the people in need are the homeless, refugees, and victims of natural disasters, wars, and famines. [77] Most notably, it has replaced the core standards of the Sphere Handbook[78] and it is regularly referred to and supported by officials from the United Nations, the EU, various NGOs and institutes. Conflict Impact Assessment research, a new branch of peace research, evaluates the impact of these kinds of projects on conflict. Oxfam and CARE were founded after WW II. The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was soon established with the participation of diplomats, businessmen, and Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries. [24][25] The constitutive conference of this committee in October 1863 created the statutory foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross in their resolutions regarding national societies, caring for the wounded, their symbol, and most importantly the indispensable neutrality of ambulances, hospitals, medical personnel and the wounded themselves.
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