lasso herbicide active ingredient

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lasso herbicide active ingredient

), pp. Arrow is an emulsifiable concentrate.

Prowl H2O, which will be available in limited quantities in 2004, is registered on the same 18 crops as is the original Prowl, including corn and soybeans. Although Arrow's active ingredient controls a broad range of annual and perennial grasses, the company is keying on volunteer RR corn because of its growing importance in crop rotations, especially in the northern Corn Belt. Commercial formulations of herbicides contain surfactants and other compounds to increase absorption by targeted plants.

Bucks, D. A. W., Wester, R. C., Mobayen, M. M., Yang, D., Maibach, H. I., and Coleman, D. L. (, Chang, S.-K., Dauterman, W. C., and Riviere, J. E. (. trailer This allows it to be suspended in water, even though it normally requires a petroleum-based solvent. Gangster herbicide from Valent will have a unified label in 2004.

Inert ingredients and solvents can also alter dermal absorption of herbicides, with effects being dependent on solvent specificity and concentration (Baynes et al., 1996; Baynes and Riviere, 1998). %%EOF

However, it has activity on several other large-seeded broadleaf weeds. 0000039946 00000 n 0000016292 00000 n To whom correspondence should be addressed. That is the active ingredient in Monsanto's Harness and Degree herbicide brands and Dow AgroSciences' Surpass, FulTime and Keystone herbicides.

It is marketed in mixed formulations with atrazine, glyphosate, trifluralin and imazaquin.

tall.

Assuming it receives EPA registration, it will be available in 220-gal.

(a) Aatrex/Atrazine.

Good correlation between in vitro and in vivo skin permeability was found for eight proprietary pesticides (Scott et al., 1992), for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET; Moody and Nadeau, 1993), and for diazinon (Moody and Nadeau, 1994).

2a).

Depending on the seed company, the new RR corn hybrids have different names. Most dermal penetration studies use pure herbicides diluted to the desired concentration in a solvent such as water, ethanol, or acetone. But many have used ag chemicals made by the company, which is the world's largest manufacturer of generic active ingredients.

The iron in such minerals can be used by certain soil bacteria as an electron acceptor when soils are flooded, thus the process of herbicide transformation by reduced clay is thought to be microbially mediated. At those rates, crop safety is excellent for both events.

158168.

Most annual grasses; yellow nutsedge; galinsoga, lambsquarters, purslane and black nightshade. Concentration, formulation, and the presence of other herbicides can also influence absorption.

These studies can have important implications on future experiments performed to predict percutaneous penetration of herbicides.

Herbicides have been linked to a variety of diseases. 0000015712 00000 n

96 51

However, it does not control important small-seeded broadleaf weeds, such as lambsquarters and pigweed.

When RR corn was introduced, tolerance was conferred by the GA21 event.

1). tall.

Touchdown Total contains 4.17 lbs./gal. Note. These studies can have important implications for experiments performed to predict percutaneous penetration of herbicides. Do interactions between compounds influence absorption? 0000002104 00000 n

Beginning in 2004, many Roundup Ready (RR) corn hybrids will allow growers to use higher glyphosate herbicide rates over a longer period than in the past.

Vencill, W.K.

The other potassium-based formulation on the market, Monsanto's Roundup WeatherMax, has a recommended use rate of 22 oz./acre. Fate of atrazine and alachlor in redox-treated ferruginous smectite.

Herbicide remaining in the stratum corneum was quantitated as % recovered in tape strips (counts in tape strips/counts applied 100).

The effect of formulation on dermal absorption of the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, and trifluralin and their commercial formulations Aatrex, Lasso, and Treflan was determined.

However, Wagner says that Monsanto decided to market Intrro to meet the demand of the small and stable percentage of RR soybean growers who prefer using a residual herbicide.

0000010045 00000 n Thank you for submitting a comment on this article.

For example, the effect of Treflan on the dermal absorption of Aatrex was determined by adding 25 nCi of 14C-labeled atrazine to a solution containing 1.02 mg Aatrex and 1.04 mg Treflan in 0.1 ml of water.

Bronaugh, R. L. (1991).

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The active ingredient, pendamethalin, which is unchanged, is now encapsulated in a polymer shell using a patented BASF technology.

Informa Markets, a trading division of Informa PLC.

One hundred microliters of herbicide (Table 1) spiked with 25 nCi 14C-labeled herbicide was placed on the skin and allowed to remain for the 24 h of the experiment. In Principles of Route-to-Route Extrapolation for Risk Assessment (T. R. Gerrity and C. J. Henry, Eds. The typical use rate of Touchdown IQ, which contains 3 lbs./gal. Retailers are expected to price Intrro to be competitive with major soybean residual herbicides, such as Prowl, Canopy XL and Treflan. Further experiments showed that trifluralin strongly inhibited flux of both Aatrex and Lasso.

Several models have been developed to predict transdermal penetration based on physical properties of the molecule (Bunge and Cleek, 1995; Kirchner et al., 1997; Potts and Guy, 1992, 1995). Its registration got cancelled on 18 Jul 2006. In vitro absorption studies were performed by placing hairless mouse skin in a Bronough flow-through diffusion system. A 1996 Guide for Herbicide Use In Nebraska. It is an odorless, white solid.

Although Intrro herbicide from Monsanto is a new brand, the active ingredient alachlor has been on the market for 30 years, sold primarily under the Lasso banner. Data were analyzed by calculating both flux (g/cm2/h) and cumulative penetration (g/cm2) as well as log permeability coefficients (Kp, given in cm/s). [1], In "a judgment that could lend weight to other health claims against pesticides," in January, 2012 a French court found Monsanto, which manufactures Lasso, liable for chemical poisoning of a French farmer in 2004.

emulsifiable concentrate.

Use of alachlor is illegal in the European Union[1] and no products containing alachlor are currently registered in the United States. The recommended use rate is 1.5 oz./acre. No significant differences in lag times as a function of either herbicide or formulation were observed (p > 0.05).

This will reduce glyphosate-resistant-weed selection pressure by introducing herbicides with other modes of action, he adds.

The percent radiation recovered in each tape strip was summed, and the total percentage recovered for the 10 strips is presented in Table 2.

It will be available in bulk, as well as 2.5-gal.

Pioneer Hi-Bred International will market the hybrids as Roundup Ready, but without the 2 designation. Kappa, Bromide 2013.

The new soybean herbicides are Arrow, for postemergence grass control, Intrro, for preemergence control of grasses and small-seeded broadleaves, and Touchdown Total, a new higher-load glyphosate. %PDF-1.6 % A cause of Gulf War Syndrome was hypothesized to be interactions of multiple protective chemicals, which were not seen when the individual compounds were tested (Wester et al., 1996).

Interestingly, each method was better at predicting the penetration of commercial formulations than the pure compounds. A typical use rate for Define SC is 1 pt./acre.

0000044294 00000 n But 2004 will be its first season with full availability. The new chemistries expected in corn both for postemergence application are Equip herbicide from Bayer CropScience and Starane herbicide from Dow AgroSciences. The cornerstone is to rotate herbicides, he says.

Our recommended use rate of 16 to 22 oz./acre hasn't changed, nor has our recommendation to spray weeds early, Cole says. Degradation in soil appears to be largely biologically mediated, and produces multiple metabolites.

Peak penetration demonstrated the same trends, with commercial formulation being greater than the pure counterpart for each of the 1:10 dilutions, but not the 1:40 dilutions (Table 2 and Fig.

It is used to control the growth of broad-leafed weeds and grasses in corn , soya bean , cotton and many other crops.

BSA enhances partitioning of lipophilic molecules such as herbicides into the aqueous receiver solution and can maintain skin viability and metabolic capacity for more than 24 h (Bronaugh, 1991). 0000049539 00000 n 0000087367 00000 n

(, Walters, K. A., Brain, K. R., Dressler, W. E., Green, D. M., Howes, D., James, V. J., Kelling, C. K., Watkinson, A. C., and Gettings, S. D. (, Wester, R. C., Quan, D., and Maibach, H. I.

[11] In 2015 a French appeals court upheld the ruling and ordered the company to "fully compensate" the grower.[12].

(b) Lasso/Alachlor. Different combinations of solvents altered penetration for a given test compound (Baynes et al., 1996). Properties of Herbicides Used For Dermal Penetration, Percutaneous Penetration of Individual Herbicides, Percutaneous Penetration of Herbicide Combinations. RESTRICTED use herbicide (DANGER) due to oncogenicity in rats. There is evidence that multiple pesticides can interact and form synergistic responses, inducing biological responses far greater than would be expected. The half life in aerobic soil ranges from about 6 to 15 days and is considerably shorter under anaerobic conditions. Synergistic effects were also found between the tumor promoter phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and the pesticide aldrin in inhibiting metabolic cooperation in V79 lung fibroblast cells (Mills et al., 1991). No interactions were found between the transdermal penetration of these two compounds.

Few growers are likely to be familiar with MANA, which is based in Israel. (, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

0000008861 00000 n Does penetration efficiency change as a function of concentration?

Intrro is labeled for preemergence control of grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds in soybeans and grain sorghum, but not corn, according to Brad Wagner of Monsanto.

These chemicals, however, are also potential penetration enhancers for mammalian skin.

Parat, M.-O., Richard, M.-J., Beani, J.-C., and Favier, A. The new RR corn hybrids allow labeled glyphosate products to be applied at higher single-application rates and allow a higher total amount during the growing season.

0000011219 00000 n Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry 20: 2717-2724. Penetration of the commercial formulation was well predicted by this equation (r2 = 0.99). It was originally approved by EPA on 26 May 1971. Note that in the first flat alfalfa and winter wheat have been killed.

Percutaneous absorption after pesticide exposure.

Posttests were performed only on relevant data (within a compound or between compounds at same concentrations). 0000150591 00000 n

2b).

The recommended use rate is pt./acre. Metabolized by tolerant species at the seed germination stage by enzymatic breakdown. 0000002255 00000 n

<<81EF899E79581D42A7C64973F8992715>]>> The greatest use of alachlor is for control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops. (c) Treflan/Trifluralin. EPA's Pesticides in Ground Water Database reports detections of alachlor in ground water at concentrations above the MCL in at least 15 U.S.

Search for other works by this author on: Potts and Guy (1992) have proposed the following model for predicting the skin permeability constant based on the physical parameters molecular weight (MW) and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow): \[log\ Kp\ (cm/s)\ {=}\ {-}\ 6.3\ {+}\ 0.71*log\ Kow\ {-}\ 0.0061*MW,\], \[Kp\ (cm/s)\ {=}\ steady-state\ flux\ (mg/cm^{2}/s)/concentration\ (mg/cm^{3}).\].

Growers who apply other residual herbicides on RR soybeans are excluded from the program. The active ingredient in Starane, which has no soil residual, is fluroxypyr, a growth regulator in the same family as the active ingredients in Stinger and Hornet herbicides. The multipack herbicide has had separate labels for its two active ingredients. Based on previously issued Section 18 labels, Starane can be applied to field corn up to the V5 stage.

Since the introduction of RR soybeans, Monsanto has discouraged use of soil residual herbicides on them.

Callisto herbicide will be added as a tankmix partner.

The two other new corn herbicides Define SC and Prowl H2O are reformulations. The 1:40 dilution of Treflan did not produce significantly different penetration through the skin than the trifluralin.

The Kp were determined by dividing the steady-state flux by the donor concentration.

The ideal method to perform occupational exposure studies is to place test chemicals on the skin of human volunteers and monitor blood and urine levels.

Lasso- Microtek consists of 45.1% (451g/l or 1.7 M) alachlor, 20% C9 aromatics (including 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, mixed trimethylbenzenes, xylene, and cumene), and 7% emulsifiers. Table 2 provides a summary of the peak flux and cumulative penetration, time to peak penetration, lag times, log Kp, and amount recovered in tape strips for each of two concentrations of each of the six formulations tested. This supports the hypothesis that surfactants and other nonactive chemicals used to improve uptake into plants also act as penetration enhancers in the skin. Registered in England and Wales. tall, which has not been allowed. The new formulation, which received EPA registration in November 2003, also has a 30-minute rainfast interval, down from one to two hours with Touchdown IQ, which remains on the market, says Chuck Foresman of Syngenta.

[14] Similar observations have been reported for the herbicides trifluralin and atrazine.

[8], The EPA cited the following long-term effects for exposures at levels above the MCL in drinking water exposed to runoff from herbicide used on row crops: slight skin and eye irritation; at lifetime exposure to levels above the MCL: potential damage to liver, kidney, spleen; lining of nose and eyelids; cancer.

Overall, this manuscript demonstrates that inert ingredients can greatly affect the penetration of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic herbicides.

Arrow, from Makteshim Agan North America (MANA), contains clethodim, the same active ingredient that is in Select and Prism herbicides. piece of Bookman tape evenly across the skin and quickly peeling away.

Clearly, to understand the metabolic consequences of pesticides, they must be studied in combinations, as they are applied. Dorsal skin from female hairless mice CRL:SK1 (816 weeks old) was removed from recently sacrificed animals. Combination studies were repeated with trifluralin instead of Treflan to determine if the influence of Treflan on Aatrex and Lasso penetration was due to the active ingredient.

It is an emulsifiable concentrate with a 45% active ingredient load factor.

Alachlor is approximately nine times more water soluble than atrazine, but is only two times more soluble in octanol. 0000033499 00000 n

Penetration of the commercial formulations was also well predicted by both a log of the water solubility (r2 = 0.97), but the permeability of the pure counterpart was not well predicted by this factor (r2 = 0.71; Fig. [7], The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies the herbicide as toxicity class III - slightly toxic. For example, at the 22 oz./acre use rate, WeatherMax is labeled for velvetleaf and black nightshade up to 6 in. ), pp. [9], Alachlor is a controlled substance under Australian law and is listed as a Schedule 7 (Dangerous Poison) substance. ;` 2Va&u=O8{Rh[ Dgw- This indicates that the nonherbicide ingredients in Treflan are increasing penetration at a greater rate than trifluralin is inhibiting.

(1989). Most susceptible grass and BLW (broadleaf weeds) fail to emerge; susceptible grasses that do emerge appear twisted/malformed with leaves tightly rolled in whorl and unable to unroll normally; leaves do not emerge properly from coleoptile and may do so underground; in BLW seedlings leaves may show some cupping and crinkling and shortened leaf midribs producing a 'drawstring' effect on the leaf tip.

Dermal penetration is often predictable based on physical properties of the compound, such as size and lipophilicity, and usually it is linearly related to exposure concentration and surface area (Potts and Guy, 1992).

It has the following active ingredients: alachlor.

0000006599 00000 n Trifluralin inhibited Aatrex penetration by a factor of 7.8 (p < 0.01) and Lasso absorption by a factor of 5.7 (p < 0.01), indicating that the active ingredient is a key component in this interaction.

Examination of the 1996 Guide for Herbicide Use in Nebraska (Nebraska Cooperative Extension, 1996) indicates that virtually all compounds are applied in combinations.

Syngenta is anticipating label changes for Lumax and Camix herbicides to allow application on yellow popcorn.

states.

Pre-emergent (PRE) application of alachlor on winter wheat showing twisted/malformed leaves tightly rolled in whorl, Alachlor (PRE) on broadleaf and grass crops and weeds.

It has no use precautions with Aztec, Capture, Force and Regent and is compatible with T-band application of Counter 20CR. We hypothesized that this same phenomenon would occur in the skin's stratum corneum.

EC 96-130-D. University of Nebraska Institute of Agricultural and Natural Resources Extension Education, Lincoln, NE.

:yJXEO R:a3. In sweet corn, it's okay up to V4. By adding the new brand and eliminating corn from the label, the company avoided the possibility of the application of alachlor to additional corn acres.

Experiments were performed with herbicides at a final dilution of 1:40 of the full-strength commercial formulation. The herbicide remaining in each layer of the stratum corneum was quantitated by counting individual tape strips by LSC.

This allowed examination of whether differences in transdermal transport are due to molecules remaining in the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum, as opposed to not even entering the stratum corneum.

Can physical properties of a herbicide predict penetration for both commercial and pure formulations?

Here are details on the new corn and soybean herbicides for 2004. Asgrow, Dekalb and many other seed companies use the term SprayFlex Protection to describe the changes.

This follows the trend of recent years in which most new herbicides have resulted from tinkering with formulations, tankmix partners and premix ingredient ratios. Nebraska Cooperative Extension (1996). In 2004 it will be reborn as a liquid, pending EPA registration. Lasso is still on the market and is labeled on all three crops.

[5][6], It is most commonly available as microgranules containing 15% active ingredients (AI), or emulsifiable concentrate containing 480 g/ litre of AI.

The change in the incorporation requirement reflects the reduced volatility of the new formulation compared with that of the old. Cole expects the higher use rates allowed on Roundup Ready Corn 2 hybrids to come into play on larger tough-to-control weeds, such as black nightshade, velvetleaf and annual morningglory.

We found that Aatrex inhibited Lasso penetration. Growers who have used Lasso will know exactly what to expect, because the active ingredient in Intrro is the same as the one in Lasso. 0000003999 00000 n Lag time was defined as the x-intercept derived from the linear regression line that best described the linear portion of the cumulative penetration curve.

Flux was quantitated by monitoring 14C atrazine via LSC. Additionally, the penetration as a function of water solubility was examined because alachlor is approximately nine times more water soluble than atrazine, but is only two times more soluble in octanol.

Equip can be broadcast over corn from the V1 through the V4 growth stage. However, at normal glyphosate use rates for labeled weeds, RR corn hybrids can be managed the same. Xu, J., J. W. Stucki, J. Wu, J. Kostka, and G. K. Sims. The maximum use rate in a single growing season is 1 pts./acre.

Because of the late registration, 2004 will be the first chance many growers will have to consider Equip in their weed-control programs.

Aatrex decreased Treflan penetration by a nonsignificant factor of 1.2 and inhibited Lasso penetration (p < 0.05). Treflan MTF comprises 41.2% trifluralin (412g/l or 1.2 M) and 58.8% inert ingredients.

The remaining skin was dissolved in nitric acid, neutralized, and counted using LSC. [3], The largest use of alachlor is as a herbicide for control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops, primarily on corn, sorghum, and soybeans.

The new formulation will be especially beneficial when applied on fields with heavy crop residue, because it doesn't bind to the residue, Bice explains.

Srpskohrvatski / , United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Monsanto guilty of chemical poisoning in France", "French court confirms Monsanto liable in chemical poisoning case", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alachlor&oldid=1032031922, Short description is different from Wikidata, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 July 2021, at 04:53. All Pioneer corn hybrids with RR technology contain the gene that allows the higher use rates and wider application window.

The donor solution contained two herbicides of interest, one of which, was 14C labeled.

The effect of concentration on dermal absorption of herbicides is quite variable (Franklin, 1989). These dilutions were chosen because they reflect concentration ranges commonly used by agricultural workers. Tape-stripping experiments, therefore, were used to determine herbicide distribution within the stratum corneum.

[13] One possible explanation for the short anaerobic half life is the observation that alachlor is rapidly transformed under anoxia to up to 14 degradation products in the presence of iron-bearing ferruginous smectites. Pesticides are rarely applied individually.

Physicochemical Determinants of Skin Absorption. However, it also offers up to two weeks of soil residual control of small-seeded broadleaf weeds, Perrigo says.

It is also approved for 46 pests and pest groups including but not limited to green foxtail (preemergence), shattercane (preemergence), wild cane (preemergence), johnsongrass (seedling), and yellow foxtail (preemergence).

0000003871 00000 n Each successive layer of the skin's principal barrier component, the stratum corneum, was then removed by placing a 1 2 in.

Oral LD50 = 1100 mg/kg - moderately toxic (LASSO = 2000 mg/kg - moderately toxic).

They remain in the lipid matrix and move through the tortuous lipid pathway surrounding the corneocytes in a transcellular fashion (Elias, 1983).

We will recommend no more than two glyphosate applications over a two-year period in a corn/soybean rotation..

We recommend spraying weeds when they are small, Cole says.

However, the permeability coefficients calculated for the herbicides tested in this study increased as the dilution decreased by a factor of four, indicating that penetration becomes more efficient with increasing concentration.

We therefore examined absorption as a function of water solubility. 0000001968 00000 n

The major implication is for handling..

Transdermal penetration occurs as molecules partition into the lipid matrix surrounding the corneocytes. (, Marinovich, M., Ghilardi, F., and Galli, C. L. (, Mills, L. J., Robson, D. L., and Malcolm, A. R. (. It is marketed under the trade names Alanex, Bronco, Cannon, Crop Star, Intrro, Lariat, Lasso, Micro-Tech and Partner. Upon completion of the transport experiments, the skin was removed from the diffusion chamber and washed three times with a 10% soap solution.

As with many sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides, corn injury may occur if Equip is applied to corn that has been previously treated with an organophosphate (OP) insecticide. Access, use and storage are strictly controlled under state and territory law. Measured log Kp as a function of (a) log Kp predicted using equation 1; (b) log water solubility for both pure (triangles) and commercial formulation (squares) diluted 1:40. BigHaat :Indias largest Agri Inputs Marketplace Platform providing Agricultural Machinery, Agriculture Equipment, Agricultural Products, Poultry Equipment, Chemical Pesticides, Organic Insecticides, etc.

The recommended use rate is 1.5 to 2.5 qts./acre.

These chemicals, however, are also potential penetration enhancers for mammalian skin (Walters et al., 1997). Designed for postemergence control of both grass and broadleaf weeds, Equip is a premix of foramsulfuron, the active ingredient in Bayer's Option grass herbicide, and iodosulfuron, which adds control of major small- and large-seeded broadleaf weeds.

0000033872 00000 n