summative assessment games

2022.07.31
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summative assessment games

[46] de la Torre,J. and J.Douglas (2004), Higher-order latent trait models for cognitive diagnosis. By having the students actually collaborate in a cooperative game, Crisis in Space delivers an authentic and engaging experience and improves upon earlier attempts to measure collaboration via student-agent (chatbot) interaction. In education, traditional standardised assessments have long been dominated by a model centred on collections of discrete questions (or items) designed to cover content in an assessment framework by addressing parts of the domain to be measured (Mislevy etal., 2012[6]). [22] Ferrara,S. etal. (2010), Using balanced assessment systems to improve student learning and school capacity: An introduction., Council of Chief State School Officers, Washington, DC. Game-based or simulation-centred assessments collect a wealth of data that is often missed or unable to be captured by traditional tests sometimes stealthily or unbeknownst to the test-taker (Shute and Ventura, 2013[34]). While some of this capacity can be contracted out to private-sector vendors, successful implementation will require public capabilities as well. assessment concepts kindergarten summative examples reading preschool checklist literacy freebie intervention teaching assesments skills language teacherspayteachers activities formative knowledge emergent In other words, the AI can be used to play all of the proposed variations of the GBA as means of increasing the likelihood that they are all comparable in difficulty before moving to expensive and time-consuming pilot testing with human test-takers. The results from the experiment revealed statistically significant differences in performance between boys and girls after they used the augmented reality platform. [48] Ciolacu,M. etal. (2019), The Expanded Evidence-Centered Design (e-ECD) for Learning and Assessment Systems: A Framework for Incorporating Learning Goals and Processes Within Assessment Design. It built on the design of the popular SimCity game series and put the test-taker in the role of a virtual citys mayor, tasked with balancing economic growth and environmental protection over a series of four levels of increasing complexity. More recently, leaders in education policy, teaching and learning, and cognitive theory have come together to call for greater coherence among instruction, curriculum, and assessment and for a comprehensive assessment system that informs decisions from the statehouse to the schoolhouse (Gong, 2010[2]). dribbling assessment Robust scenarios can involve a subset of content from an academic domain of interest, but perhaps their greatest advantage lies in facilitating the measurement of 21st Century skills like problem solving and collaboration. The assessment task was adapted from an assessment created by Imbellus for use in employment selection with support from the Walton Family Foundation and in partnership with Summit Public Schools and several other school systems. Our experience suggests that building valid, reliable, and fair game-based assessments is considerably more complex and challenging than traditional test development. PEEP is designed to be eventually used in high-stakes, summative assessment and supports the creation of many parallel forms or versions to improve test security. However, traditional standardised assessments have remained relatively stagnant, providing only limited information for teachers and learners, and furthering the divide between what is learned (content of curriculum) and what is tested (content of assessments) (Martone and Sireci, 2009[17]). There are many ways to incorporate games and game-based features into a system or assessment that have varying impact on the learner. [38] Yang,F. etal. However, the assessment fields knowledge and understanding of how best to implement this type of assessment and how to best use the data it provides continues to grow and mature. 57/3, pp. (Gobert, Baker and Wixon, 2015[36]). greek mythology allusion 4th grade bundle assessment activity relay games bingo activities allusions myths gods summative teacherspayteachers sheet In addition to requiring a broader range of technical expertise, GBAs can also require innovation in technologies or statistical approaches to measurement. 43-57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2014.999919. [28] Vincent-Lancrin,S. etal. [1] Braun,H. and A.Kanjee (2006), Using assessment to improve education in developing nations., in Braun,H. etal. However, this is not to say that analysis of actual test-taker data in the GBA development process is not important. PEEP, funded by the Walton Family Foundation, is an adaptation of a game-based assessment originally designed for employment selection that is currently used by the global consultancy, McKinsey and Company, to select new business analysts. A good design principle for such an assessment system would be to use relatively inexpensive, traditional assessments where feasible (e.g. 17-28. Beyond psychometric innovation, game- and simulation-based assessment also poses new opportunities for technical innovation based on recent developments in machine learning and artificial intelligence (Ciolacu etal., 2018[48]). (2013), Criteria for High-quality Assessment.. [40] Snow,E. etal. [29] Fadel,C., M.Bialik and B. This includes the quantification of evidence and scales that will be used. https://actnext.org/collaboration-assessment-online-games/, https://actnext.org/research-and-projects/cps-x-crisis-in-space/, http://www.gamesforchange.org/game/simcityedu-pollution-challenge/, https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/playfully-games/SC/brochures/SIMCITYbrochure_v3small.pdf, https://www.nciea.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Marion%20et%20al_A%20Tricky%20Balance_031319.pdf, http://myweb.fsu.edu/vshute/pdf/shute%20pres_h.pdf, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR863.html, https://papers.nips.cc/paper/8716-game-design-for-eliciting-distinguishable-behavior.pdf. Successful mapping of telemetry to measurement objectives requires a concentrated effort between designers, software engineers, and measurement scientists. [46] de la Torre,J. and J.Douglas (2004), Higher-order latent trait models for cognitive diagnosis, Psychometrika, Vol. Game-based assessment in education also brings new fairness and equity concerns. [8] Sanders,W. and S.Horn (1995), Educational Assessment Reassessed, education policy analysis archives, Vol. 1/2, pp. [15] Chung,G. (2014), Toward the Relational Management of Educational Measurement Data.. SimCityEDU: Pollution Challenge was a GBA released in 2014 by GlassLab, a collaborative development initiative funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundations. This includes storyboarding out the measures of interest, determining the evidence needed to capture them, and the exact quantification of that evidence. What is the long-term promise of this approach and what is necessary to get us there? [36] Gobert,J., R.Baker and M.Wixon (2015), Operationalizing and Detecting Disengagement Within Online Science Microworlds, Educational Psychologist, Vol. In addition to digital training units using videos and simulations, the project is developing assessments that will be used as exams to certify apprentices skills. 333-353, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295640. (eds. Interpretation of streaming data from gameplay or interaction with a carefully-designed digital user interface allows researchers to evaluate how people go about solving problems and can lead to more targeted feedback (Chung, 2014[15]). In the scenario, two players work together to troubleshoot a space station. (2019), CPSX: Using AI-Machine Learning for Mapping Human-Human Interaction and Measurement of CPS Teamwork Skills, 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hst47167.2019.9032906. The assessment content was explicitly aligned to the Framework for 21st Century Learning and Council for Economic Education standards as well as to aspects of the United States Next Generation Science Standards and Common Core State Standards in Mathematics. Interim tests are given during the instructional period to evaluate progress toward summative goals and suggest instructional changes. [16] Arieli-Attali,M. etal. Unlike interim assessments which can be aggregated at various education levels and are related to broad summative goals, formative assessments are adjusted to individual needs and to immediate teaching strategy (Shepard, Penuel and Pellegrino, 2018[21]). The use of standardised assessment in education increasingly coupled with well-defined standards for academic content is far from a new idea, dating back some four decades in some high income countries and at least 20 years internationally (Braun and Kanjee, 2006[1]). 11-48. creativity, collaboration or socioemotional skills), as well as better measurement of some aspects of the thinking of respondents, including in traditional domains like science and mathematics. New task types (or assessment items frequently used in classrooms but not on standardised tests) requiring complex performance on more realistic tasks were called for, including essays, projects, portfolios, and observation of classroom performance. After highlighting some of the advantages of game-based standardised assessment compared to traditional ones, this chapter discusses how these tests are built, how they work, but also some of their limitations. As with any assessment, stakeholders should feel confident in what is being measured and how. [4] Shaffer,D. etal. 28/4, pp. Such an efficient, hybrid system of assessment could theoretically be designed for many uses, including accountability reporting, driving local instruction, and individual student growth modelling. [20] Oranje,A. etal. 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00853. : American Academy of Arts and Sciences. For example, the Next Generation Science Standards in the United States (www.nextgenscience.org/) include not only disciplinary core concepts, but also cross-cutting ideas in science, and scientific and engineering practices. [5] Shute,V. (2011), Stealth assessment in computer-based games to support learning. Note: Crisis in Space is a pilot game-based-assessment under development by ACT, Inc. as part of an ongoing program of research and development in collaborative problem-solving assessment by their research arm, ACTNext. 606-609, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tea.20316. [11] Darling-Hammond,L. (2006), Constructing 21st-Century Teacher Education, [12] Nichols,S. and H.Dawson (2012), Assessment as a Context for Student Engagement, in. (2012), Design and discovery in educational assessment: Evidence-centered design, psychometrics, and educational data mining., Journal of educational data mining, Vol. For example, differential access to computers in the home or school environment as well as (possibly gendered) differences in familiarity with video game mechanics or user interface components could exacerbate existing achievement gaps or create new ones. (2016), Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. While this has led to the development of a range of e-learning applications to be used both inside and outside of the classroom (from virtual labs to medical e-learning tools with simulations), this technological advancement has also opened avenues for a new generation of standardised assessments. your login credentials do not authorize you to access this content in the selected format. 50/1, pp. 5-30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1522045. that they can think and reason like a scientist) as well as science facts. 46/6, pp. Committee on Defining Deeper Learning and 21st Century Skills., National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/13398. [9] Duncan,R. and C.Hmelo-Silver (2009), Learning progressions: Aligning curriculum, instruction, and assessment, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. (2012), Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century. [39] Sabourin,J. etal. It will be launched (and legally recognised for exams in Germany) in 2022. As part of this improvement initiative there has been a growing movement around and interest in new assessment technologies and approaches, including immersive, game- or simulation-based assessments (GBAs) (DiCerbo, 2014[3]; Shaffer etal., 2009[4]; Shute, 2011[5]). [52] Chopade,P. etal. Some examples of game-based assessment in education. occupational therapy pediatric data documentation based checklist forms ot skills preschool assessment evaluation tools form motor schools fine grow psychology [2] Gong,B. This chapter discusses how recent advancements in digital technology could lead to a new generation of game-based standardised assessments in education, providing education systems with assessments that can test more complex skills than traditional standardised tests can. (2011), When Off-Task is On-Task: The Affective Role of Off-Task Behavior in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments, in. For example, psychometricians have suggested new measurement models reflecting task complexity (Mislevy etal., 2000[44]; Bradshaw, 2016[45]; de la Torre and Douglas, 2004[46]). Game-based assessments are special because they can mirror the dynamic interaction, structural complexity, and feedback loops of real-world situations. Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. [38] Yang,F. etal. [10] Perie,M., S.Marion and B.Gong (2009), Moving Toward a Comprehensive Assessment System: A Framework for Considering Interim Assessments. Not only should the designers conduct traditional empirical psychometric analyses necessary to create valid and reliable assessments, they should also take advantage of the wealth of additional data generated by GBA to apply novel methods from domains like machine learning to extract more useable information about test-takers ability or other constructs where possible e.g. An additional challenge to consider with GBAs is the need to make them accessible for students with disabilities. [24] Verger,A., L.Parcerisa and C.Fontdevila (2019), The growth and spread of large-scale assessments and test-based accountabilities: a political sociology of global education reforms, [25] Klieme,E. (2020), Policies and Practices of Assessment: A Showcase for the Use (and Misuse) of International Large Scale Assessments in Educational Effectiveness Research, in. Three examples of game-based assessments integrating a range of advanced technologies illustrate this perspective. Note: Designed to be used as part of a longer assessment of problem solving, the PEEP task challenges students to build a viable ecosystem and place it in a natural environment where it can thrive. (2009), Epistemic Network Analysis: A Prototype for 21st-Century Assessment of Learning, International Journal of Learning and Media, Vol. too easy or too hard for the target population). [21] Shepard,L., W.Penuel and J.Pellegrino (2018), Using Learning and Motivation Theories to Coherently Link Formative Assessment, Grading Practices, and Large-Scale Assessment, [22] Ferrara,S. etal. Using the webcam at the top of the screen, the system determines the location of each students astronaut by detecting the relative position of each student to the paper markers. 300-314, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487105285962. This is an especially relevant critique in education for two reasons. That is, a key part of the development of game-based assessment should include a stage where item scores are refined and improved as via exploratory data analysis and educational data mining as larger amounts of test-taker data become available. Source: https://actnext.org/collaboration-assessment-online-games/; https://actnext.org/research-and-projects/cps-x-crisis-in-space/ (reproduced with permission). Much as in the source game, problem-solving tasks were very engaging and largely spatial and economic in nature. In this game, a pair of two test-takers is tasked with working together to troubleshoot a series of problems on a space station, with one of them in the role of an astronaut on the station and the other in mission control on the ground. (2019), A Tricky Balance: The Challenges and Opportunities of Balanced Systems of Assessment., in Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education Toronto, Ontario April 6, 2019., National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment, https://www.nciea.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Marion%20et%20al_A%20Tricky%20Balance_031319.pdf (accessed on 2January2020). [1] Braun,H. and A.Kanjee (2006), Using assessment to improve education in developing nations., in Braun,H. etal. Since girls seem to struggle more to use the augmented reality platform, it is possible that using the technology for GBA would put them at a disadvantage. [12] Nichols,S. and H.Dawson (2012), Assessment as a Context for Student Engagement, in Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, Springer US, Boston, MA, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_22. ACTNext also has implemented advanced machine learning technology such as natural language processing (NLP) to process these data and score instances of collaboration as successful or unsuccessful (Chopade etal., 2019[52]). 170-179, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.045. (2019), Game Design for Eliciting Distinguishable Behavior., [39] Sabourin,J. etal. It uses student telemetry to create a range of both process and product measurement opportunities suitable for scoring via item-response theory. [34] Shute,V. and M.Ventura (2013), Stealth Assessment: Measuring and Supporting Learning in Video Games., in John,D. and C.MacArthur (eds. As an interim measure, the student can be assessed under more standardised simulation conditions to gauge progress toward summative goals. (2019), Summative Game-based Assessment., in Ifenthaler,D. and Y.Kim (eds.). For this reason, building GBAs is relatively expensive and is thus not always an efficient way to measure simple constructs. (2012), Exploring different technological platforms for supporting co-located collaborative games in the classroom. GlassLab also devoted considerable resources to solving issues such as tutorialisation and telemetry processing to create useful assessment items as well as pioneering new psychometric models to support inference and reporting (Mislevy etal., 2014[49]; Mislevy, 2018[35]). [42] Rose,D. (2000), Universal Design for Learning. ), Game-based Assessment Revisited, Springer. (2017), Principled Approaches to Assessment Design, Development, and Implementation, in, [23] Marion,S. etal. 17/1, pp. 37/1, pp. Since the crystal is fragile, the astronauts can only move it using electrical force. Therefore, the item design process should take place nearer to the beginning of the entire project, as designing a GBA takes a significant amount of forethought and discipline and mistakes can be very costly. [35] Mislevy,R. (2018), Sociocognitive Foundations of Educational Measurement., Routledge, New York. The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions. Success requires an interdisciplinary team with a broad range of skills, including game designers, software engineers ideally with a background in game, and cognitive scientists, as well as the test designers, content experts, educational researchers, and psychometricians usually needed to develop an assessment. The test-taker engages with a modified version of the SimCity interface to solve various urban issues. (2019), The Expanded Evidence-Centered Design (e-ECD) for Learning and Assessment Systems: A Framework for Incorporating Learning Goals and Processes Within Assessment Design, Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. [52] Chopade,P. etal. One key design element that reduces risk of differential item functioning in game-based assessment is the design of effective tutorials within each game or simulation that quickly teach the necessary game mechanics to those test-takers possibly less familiar with the user interface. (Sanders and Horn, 1995[8])) and how game-based assessment may ameliorate them: the need to apply modern psychological theory to assessment; insufficient alignment of assessment with curriculum and instruction (Duncan and Hmelo-Silver, 2009[9]); lack of integration of assessments for different purposes, including formative, interim, and summative (Perie, Marion and Gong, 2009[10]); inability of traditional assessment to measure some important and increasingly policy-relevant constructs (Darling-Hammond, 2006[11]), and; declines in student engagement and motivation (Nichols and Dawson, 2012[12]). Accordingly, game-based-assessment allows the test maker to build scenarios and simulations where the students reasoning and process can be observed through their complex interactions with elements in the game or simulation. While promising, this new generation of assessments brings its own challenges. It called for an examination of mental functions involved in deep understanding, concepts that are difficult to assess with the sort of short, disconnected questions typical of standardised tests (Darling-Hammond etal., 2013[14]). 715-730, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.88.4.715. 706-732, http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1076998618784700. These rich data sources can be used to help illustrate the cognitive processes that a student engages in as they complete a task (Sabourin etal., 2011[39]; Snow etal., 2015[40]), rather than just focusing on the end product of their performance. Players assume the role of astronauts sent on a mission to bring back a precious crystal. While games have strong potential to improve the quality of testing and expand assessment to complex skills in the future, they will likely supplement traditional tests, which also have their advantages. [25] Klieme,E. (2020), Policies and Practices of Assessment: A Showcase for the Use (and Misuse) of International Large Scale Assessments in Educational Effectiveness Research, in International Perspectives in Educational Effectiveness Research, Springer International Publishing, Cham, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44810-3_7. [16] Arieli-Attali,M. etal. [18] Pellegrino,J. and M.Hilton (eds.) [23] Marion,S. etal. Although this data mining should not replace the design process described above, experience suggests that computer-aided iteration here can improve the reliability and efficiency of game-based assessment by increasing the amount of useful information on test-taker performance available (Mislevy etal., 2014[49]). [31] Seelow,D. (2019), The Art of Assessment: Using Game Based Assessments to Disrupt, Innovate, Reform and Transform Testing., Journal of Applied Testing Technology, Vol. the data collected during the assessment game/simulation process). However, in order to collect and quantify this information, GBA developers need to carefully prescribe the data that the system collects, often referred to as telemetry. This process involves mapping out every action a user can take during the design phase and assigning that action a value or name in the data infrastructure. In Crisis in Space, ACTNext developed a pilot version of a GBA designed to assess the collaborative problem solving and related socioemotional skills of middle school (ISCED-2) students. (2009), Melding the power of serious games and embedded assessment to monitor and foster learning.. [37] Deterding,S. etal. ), reliability (does it do this consistently and with minimal error? Or consider purchasing the publication. To develop these, PEEP uses an algorithm to create viable ecosystem solutions of approximately equivalent difficulty based on a large library of organisms. 2, pp. SimCityEDU was designed as a formative assessment of problem solving, systems thinking, and causality in systems for students at approximately the ISCED-2 level. Assessments are broadly categorised by their purpose: how are scores used and interpreted? Trilling (2015). Thus, building a GBA requires forethought about the exact types of features and their potential impact on the learner and data collection (Shute and Ventura, 2013[34]). [4] Shaffer,D. etal. 3, p.6, http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v3n6.1995. Computer games and instruction., Information Age Publishers, Charlotte, NC, http://myweb.fsu.edu/vshute/pdf/shute%20pres_h.pdf. We draw an important distinction here between designing games or simulations explicitly for measurement purposes and gamification or the addition of game-like elements to existing tasks or activities to increase engagement, flow, or motivation (Deterding etal., 2011[37]). 21-30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022057410190001-205. The chapter is organised as follows: we first argue that game-based assessments address many of the critiques of traditional assessment and have the potential of being aligned more closely to teaching and learning in the classroom; we then explain how these assessments work, what kind of technology they use, what kind of data they draw on, and highlight the challenges in building them; we provide some examples of game-based standardised assessments, before reflecting on the role they could have in the future, and what national infrastructure may be required to deliver them at scale. 3/2, http://dx.doi.org/10.5241/3-47. These include sufficient computer hardware in schools (although there is a growing trend to consider bring your own device policies) and a networking backbone capable of acceptable data transfer speeds. [33] Cordova,D. and M.Lepper (1996), Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: Beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice.. Please select the WEB or READ option instead (if available). While there is growing evidence supporting this benefit across a broad range of operational game-based assessments (Hamari etal., 2016[32]), it is important to remember the inherent difference in purpose between games played for enjoyment versus those used for measurement (particularly, but not limited to, those used in high-stakes contexts). [8] Sanders,W. and S.Horn (1995), Educational Assessment Reassessed. Crisis in Space, which won the innovation prize at the 2020 e-Assessment Awards, is particularly notable for its use of a wide range of data types, including user interface-generated telemetry, audio recordings of student conversation, and test-taker eye-tracking data. Before the assessment design team starts to develop the game specifications, they must first outline what they intend to measure and how this will be accomplished. Note: Introduced in 2013 by the now-defunct GlassLab, SimCityEDU: Pollution Challenge was a transformation of the popular SimCity videogame franchise into an assessment of middle school (primarily ISCED 2). holt literature benchmark summative While no gender differences in performance were observed when students played using the multiple-mice platform, boys outperformed girls when playing the same game using an augmented reality platform, with a statistically significant difference. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice tothe status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Evidence from an experiment in a public school in Santiago suggests that gender differences in learning in educational games may depend on the technological platform used (Echeverra etal., 2012[47]). dribbling assessment [44] Mislevy,R. etal. Telemetry data are processed via sophisticated psychometric models. [33] Cordova,D. and M.Lepper (1996), Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: Beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice., Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. (2014), Psychometric Considerations in Game-Based Assessment., Glasslab Games, Redwood City, CA. As researchers and policy makers continue to call for new assessment frameworks that incorporate theories of learning and foundational transferrable skills consistent with classroom activity (National Research Council, 2012[18]; Darling-Hammond etal., 2013[14]; Conley, 2018[19]), this has led to increased interest in the development of games, simulations, and intelligent tutoring systems designed around learning progressions or specific instructional units. For example, in the domain of commercial professions, a competency-oriented assessment task creator is being developed to allow assessors to design exams that certify students and workers competences, leading to a shift from knowledge-based to competenc-based examination.