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This method removed 3842% of the polysaccharides and lignin from the bamboo chips. The list of musical bamboo instruments is indeed very long and include xylophones, rainsticks, marimbas, angklung, castanets, drum sticks, zithers, slit drums, chimes, maracas, guitars, ukuleles, violins, Chapman sticks, pan flutes, didgeridoos, pipe organs, saxophones, clarinets, kazoos, whistles, trumpets, and piccolos just to name a few. Extractives from various parts of the bamboo plant have been used for hair and skin ointment, medicine for asthma, eyewash, potions for lovers and poison for rivals. Currently, corrugated pipes are frequently used, although clay and concrete pipes are still being used as well. Can this electric powered bamboo tricycle provide solutions to traffic congestion and air pollution in China? Today we see a boom of innovative bamboo products and applications as a sustainable alternative for wood. Bamboo is used to make musical instruments for thousands of years, probably as a percussion instrument at first, but later also for wind instruments and stringed instruments. This is as a response to the increasing demand for developing materials that are biodegradable, sustainable and recyclable [15]. Their potential and utilisation for cellulose, bio-ethanol and other related products have been studied. Fact is, everything that can be made from wood can also be made with bamboo. A recently reported work reported an improved interfacial strength between poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and bamboo flour in PVC/bamboo flour composites using novel coupling agents [73]. Before the addition of KClO3, dry raw bamboo strands were immersed in a diluted nitric acid solution [57, 58]. Bamboo beverage and beer have been widely accepted mainly in Asian countries such as China, Korea and Japan. According to their morphology, bamboos are broadly divided into monopodial (or running) bamboos with leptomorph rhizome system and sympodial (clumping) bamboos with pachymorph rhizome system. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus) observed that silane treatment improved the tensile and flexural strength, but the addition of silane treatment mercerised bamboo leads to significant reduction of the strength. Some bamboo-based products include house construction materials, household items, biofuel, chemical and pharmaceutical products, pulp and paper, irrigation and drainage pipes and textiles materials, panels, flooring materials, charcoal, edible shoots and other daily-use articles [75, 77]. The excellent quality of these products is due to good qualification of the workforce and the availability of machines that assist the production process. It can be used for almost all parts of houses, including posts, roofs, walls, floors, beams, trusses and fences [14]. Bamboos are used for making skewers, chopsticks, boats, weapons, matchsticks, containers, poles, bows and arrows, rafts and fishing poles. It attains maturity in 3years as compared to wood, which takes almost more than 20years. Bamboo is found in abundance in Asia and South America [11]. Bamboo charcoal is generally used by goldsmith and in gardening to prevent moisture available to plants particularly in Japan [78]. It is a delicacy in Asia. [33] in their studies reported the chemical composition of bamboo fibre as shown in Table 4. In China, bamboo forests are recognised as a massive carbon sink in the global cycles of carbon. Subsequently, the fibre bundles were heated with 0.5% NaOH (w/v), 2% sodium sulphite, 2% sodium silicate and 2% sodium polyphosphate solutions for about 60min at 100C. The treatment improved water absorption, thickness swelling and linear expansion perpendicular to grain after 24h of cold water soaking [63]. In another study, Kushwaha and Kumar [69] investigated the effect of silanes on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre-epoxy composites. It can grow in areas that are currently non-productive (e.g. This goes from construction materials to food, medicine, musical instruments, fabrics, paper pulp, fencing, basketry, utensils, bicycles, and so on Therefor te better question would be: What products cannot be made from bamboo? This biomass possesses high potential as a substitute for many lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic materials in various capacities of applications owing to its chemical composition as well as its physical properties. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. This process removes the natural characteristics of bamboo fiber, rendering it identical to rayon from other cellulose sources. Many Filipinos use this bamboo to make "Kerosene Bamboo Cannons", which they use as an alternative to firecrackers, during Christmas and the New Year. It has been found to have a high level of acetylcholine, which acts as a neurotransmitter in animals and humans [98]. Bamboo plant is considered medicinal. These studies can provide better cultivation, harvest and processing techniques, besides analysis of mechanical and physical properties of bamboo stems. Bamboos do not break easily, and its original shape is regained when the load subjected to it is removed. These materials are very expensive, not readily available, require a high degree of maintenance and pollute water, which they convey due to the pipes constituents.

In China bamboo fiber has been used to make paper since early times, but in recent years, bamboo has emerged as an important raw material for the pulp and paper industry due to the shortage of wood resources. The various uses of bamboo for humans are quite remarkable. Chemical composition of bamboo fibre [33].

Similarly, Kumar and Kumar [50] in their work confirmed that the alkali and silane treatments with nano-clay filler improved the dielectric and mechanical properties of bamboo-epoxy composites. [101] found that the use of bamboo (B. vulgaris) of predetermined lengths and diameters as a field drainage material was found effective. As many cups as possible can be taken as bamboo tea stimulates metabolism without side effects [3]. Ogunwusi and Onwualu [3] reported that feeding chickens on organic diets containing fresh bamboo leaves lead to 70% weight gain more than those do fed on standard organic diets. Activated charcoal is used as a deodorant, purifier, disinfectant, medicine, agricultural chemicals and an absorbent of pollution and excessive moisture. Medicine made from the leaves of Pleioblastus amarusis used for treating fever, fidgeting and lungs inflammation [98]. In Latin America, farmers often use bamboo as beehives. Notably, cellulose content decreases with increase in age of bamboo. Its natural hollow form makes bamboo an obvious choice for many traditional instruments. After their unique premium sound system made from bamboo charcoal, bamboo fibre and resin, Lexus has now revealed their newest invention: the Bamboo Steering Wheel! With the application of correct treatment, suitable fibres can be extracted from bamboo for various purposes. Some studies have revealed bamboo to produce higher biomass yield than other lignocelluloses crops with a growth rate ranging from 30 to 60cm/day and height of about 36m in growing season [28].

Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Recent studies have shown that bamboo species are also a good source of quality activated carbon, which can find application in medicine, foods, chemical and metallurgical industries. Bamboo leaf tea is a low-calorie health food, which is rich in protein and fibre, but free of caffeine. Love podcasts or audiobooks?

They present versatile structure produced by physical and mechanical properties and low specific weight [2]. The shoot also contains saccharine, which can resist little mouse tumour and has anti-ageing elements [20, 80]. Bamboo fibres have great potential as an alternative to inorganic fillers and are raw material for fabricating a composite material, and their applicability is being widely investigated. It has been found out that from 4 tons of bamboo nearly 1 ton of pulp is produced which is utilised in different furnishes for production of paper and board [78]. The mechanical properties of bamboo are strongly affected by the age, species and humidity. Bamboo is endowed with a long fibre length, and this makes bamboo pulp suitable for papermaking. [75] further reported that the current uses of bamboo in Nigeria represent only a fraction of economic activities in the country. Its brightness and optical properties remain stable while those papers make from wood may deteriorate over time.

Table 5 shows some typical bamboo species and parts used for this purpose. It has been recognised as a useful resource for this purpose due to its higher growth rate, annual biomass yield and significant amount of sugars [2, 21]. 5 Day Visit Ajanta, Ellora & Temple tour.

Dilute acid pre-treatment of bamboo shoots shell fibre (BSSF) and bamboo stem and leaf (BSL) have been investigated for xylose and glucose yields [42]. The treatment of bamboo strips with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LMwPF) resin followed by pressing at 140C improved the dimensional stability and strength properties of the strips. The interfacial adhesion between the fibre and other matrices can enhance the inclusion of coupling agents and fibre pre-treatment using acid hydrolysis. [29] reported that the total aboveground standing biomass of bamboo in northeast India was 42.98Mgha1year1. Industrial application of bamboo is in the areas highlighted below: Bamboo is a good source of food particularly the shoot. on an eroded slope), and its root structure remains intact after harvest, thus, generating new shoots [24]. Bamboo serves as an excellent alternative to wood in the manufacture of furniture. It is one of the fastest growing plants [8]. Bamboo can also be pulped with less power and chemicals than wood which makes it more environmental friendly. In India, young and tender bamboo shoots are used as a seasonal vegetable in both rural and urban areas [78]. Its often one of the first questions people ask when they are starting to learn about this amazing plant. [47] in their study, soaked bamboo strips in 4% NaOH for 72h to extract the fibre. Although some of these applications are very limited in scope, continuous researches on bamboo can increase their potential and induce their aggressive interest in many more areas. The silane coupling treatment has been found to significantly improve the impact fatigue strength of the composites [66]. Its natural hollow form makes bamboo an obvious choice for manytraditional instruments such as a wide variety of flutes, but because of the excellent sound properties of solid bamboo panels it is now also used for making modern guitars. Activated carbon is employed in the decolourisation of sugar and sweeteners, drinking water treatment, gold recovery, production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, catalytic process, off-gas treatment of waste incinerators, automotive vapour filters, colour/odour correction in wines and fruit juices. The comparison of alkaline and acetylating treatments showed that the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre-polypropylene composites were improved and adhesion between bamboo fibre and polypropylene matrix was enhanced. Culms of many bamboo species secret siliceous materials, which can be used for medicine.

In the bleaching step, the bamboo fibre was placed in a polyethylene bag with 4% H2O2, 0.2% NaOH and 0.5% sodium silicate for 50min. It competes in market of wood without restrictions. Bamboo being trees that grow and mature in a very short period of time can secure continuous supply of cheap tree and fibres compared to other woody biomasses. Bamboo is a lignocellulosic biomass from which some value-added products can be obtained.

They prepared two sets of bamboo-epoxy composites, one with silane treatment bamboo mats and the other with silane treatment mercerised bamboo mats. [49] reported that the characteristic properties of mercerised bamboo fibres used for the preparation of bamboo fibre-reinforced epoxy composites made the bio composites cost useful for dielectric applications. They originate from India where the first polo club was established in 1833. Percentage of world bamboo resources by continent [14]. Natural plant fibres have unequivocally contributed to economic prosperity and sustainability in our daily lives [1]. Some chemical and pharmaceutical products are cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea (see Table 5). Species of bamboo are found in all continents except in Europe [2]. Bamboo plays a significant role as a material for consumer products.

British expats are hoping to ease traffic congestion, parking and pollution problems with their new eco-friendly "Bamboo Treecycle" invention which is proving to be a big hit. The slurry was then freeze-dried to obtain dry bamboo fibre. Countries with the largest bamboo resources in the world [15]. The chemical composition of bamboo is known to be similar to that of wood, but bamboo has a higher content of minor components compared with wood [32]. After being washed with hot water, the fibres were treated with 0.04% xylanase and 0.5% DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) at 70C for 60min at a pH of 6.5. Other applications include for purification of waters, soils and sediments contaminated by PAHs; for environmental protection and architectural decorations [91] and as conductor and fuel [14]. Ladapo etal. Dilute phosphoric acid pre-treatment of bamboo was also studied for producing dissolving pulp for textile utilisation [74]. They contribute about 90% of the total bamboo mass. Bamboo may, therefore, serve as the key to combating energy problem, especially in developing nations if adopted. Bamboo is a perennial woody grass, which belongs to the family Gramineae and subfamily Bambuseae [7]. It has been reported to include natural products, such as potassium, carbohydrates, dietary fibres, vitamins and other active materials, which are used for traditional food in many countries [79] and further conversion of these carbohydrates, give rise to other products like xylitol. The use of drainage pipes made of various assorted materials is very common in our markets [101]. Besides, bamboo is also a material of high plasticity and easy to combine with other materials. *Address all correspondence to: mayowa.azeez@eksu.edu.ng. They include bamboo (Kumamoto, Japan) with cellulose content of 47%, hemicelluloses 23% and lignin 28% [9]; bamboo with cellulose 43%, hemicelluloses 15% and lignin 26% [34]; bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.) Apart from the above, several other applications exist, though on a relatively small scale. Its use varies from domestic household products to industrial applications, from medicine to nutrition and from toys to aircraft production. With its high growth rate, a wide range of applications and renewability, bamboo resources occupy a noteworthy position in the twenty-first century as a versatile and vital raw material [20]. Of late, research has shown bamboo charcoal as one of the base materials for human health, from water treatment to its uses as a shield from electromagnetic radiation. 2018 The Author(s). They have high potentials in carbon fixation, and this is due to the prediction that the carbon stocks in bamboo stands based on previous data for 2050 may get to 1017.64 Tg C [26] or reach 1138.8 Tg C [27]. Besides its role as a raw material for consumer products, bamboo has enormous prospects for industrial utilisation and as industrial raw material. One pot synthesis generated the coupling agents. Properties such as appearance, strength and hardness combined with its rapid growth rate and capacity for sustainable harvesting have made bamboo an attractive substitute in different industrial sectors and these have successively created great opportunities for its development [3].

Some studies have also shown that bamboo resource could be considered as a candidate feedstock of biomass energy for its high growth efficiency [2, 9, 22]. It Wasnt Always That Great, A Decade of Reading Found Just 13 Books That Can Truly Change Your Life, Nature Lost: The Books of Robert MacFarlane and Jackie Morris, Suicide, Selfishness and the Cycles of Life. Safe, Simple and Comfortable House with Bamboo Rei Bamboo Wear and Its Application in Friction Materi Bamboo charcoal, bamboo charcoal briquettes, bio-methane, Bio-ethanol, Plywood, laminated bamboo board, mat ply bamboo, curtains ply bamboo, laminated wood strips, mat curtain plywood, door shutter, matchstick, bamboo clipboard, furniture and handicrafts, charcoal, Cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea, Floor tiles, toys, bamboo composite decking, bamboo composite fencing, bamboo composite deck tiles, bamboo composite railings, bamboo composite dustbins, bamboo composite outdoor furniture, bamboo decking accessories. Maleic anhydride grafting onto poly(l-lactic acid) balanced the improvements of stiffness and ductility, exhibiting best overall properties [67]. It has high-density; non-corrosive and can, therefore, be mixed with gasoline. The fibres obtained were then heated for about 60min at 100C, except using 0.7% NaOH. However, a great deal of research and technical work has been devoted to the use of natural plant fibre. The sap of B. vulgarisis given as a remedy for phthisis in the Philippines [100]. Hence, it is a suitable absorbent. Many researchers have worked on the physical, mechanical and thermal behaviour (weathering behaviour, % water uptake, % thickness swelling and thermal stability), morphology properties and impact test of bamboo fibres reinforced novolac resin composites prepared using mercerised bamboo fibres. This process involves the initial use of an alkali solution (NaOH) to remove not only the cellulosic components but also the non-cellulosic components such as hemicellulose, lignin and pectin inside the plant fibre [1]. Butanol is similar to ethanol being a form of alcohol. This suggests that the fibre in the bamboo leaves enlarge the digestive tract and enable the chicken to consume more and grow faster. It was thought that effective surface treatment from the silane coupling agent-improved adhesion between the polylactic acid matrix and the bamboo fibre. The multi-functional ranges of bamboo uses have shown that it may prove beneficial as a valuable and sustainable natural resource [76]. After treatment with 0.5% sulphuric acid solution for 10min and then being emulsified for 5 days, refined bamboo fibre was obtained. There are currently thousands of commercial bamboo products on the market, and new innovative uses and applications are added every day. It creates a rough fibre surface, activates hydroxyl groups and improves the fibre tensile strength. Given its proprieties, bamboo continues to be used for the production of new products. Bamboo grows in plains, hilly and high altitude mountainous regions, and in most kinds of soils, except alkaline soils, desert and marsh [25]. In an exciting study, Kumar etal. Apart from its socio-economical utilisation, bamboo has many environmental benefits [7]. With over 1200 species and 70 genera, bamboo are found in natural forests, semi-exploited stands and vast plantations globally in an area of more than 14 million ha. Nath etal. The silane-treated bamboo fibre-reinforced polylactic acid composite showed excellent mechanical and thermal properties compared with the properties of polylactic acid composite containing delignified BF. Liu etal. Usually, there is variation in the chemical composition of bamboo depending on their age. The enhancement in mechanical properties was also an indication of strong bonding between matrix and bamboo fibre [73]. A number of researchers have also produced bamboo ethanol and butanol. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. It has been reported that the density of bamboo varies from 500 to 800kg/m3 depending on anatomical structures such as quantity and distribution of fibres around vascular bundles [4], with its maximum density usually obtained from 3years old culms [5, 6]. Marco Polo was the first to reveal the domestic value and importance of bamboo to the Western World trough his historic travels in Asia. Two novel bifunctional monomers, namely isocyanatoethyl-methacrylate and N-methylol acrylamide, have been used as the coupling agents to strength the interface of bamboo fibre/unsaturated polyester composites [71, 72]. Different authors have investigated different species and bamboo parts. During my last visit home to Canada about a year ago, I noticed a new interesting trend at the time. Kumar etal. Stems and leaves of Bambusa bambosare used in traditional Indian medicine as a blood purifier, in the treatment of leucoderma and inflammatory conditions. Silanes are recognised as efficient coupling agents that are used extensively in composites and adhesive formulations. In China, it is the valuable raw material for the booming bamboo industry. At present, there are about 3000 companies around the world that are engaged in the production of various bamboo-based products [77]. In addition, with adequate technology, the stems can be used in the production of cellulose, bio-ethanol and starch [21]. I usually answer with the rhetorical question: What products can be made from wood? Bamboo leaf contains 25% flavine and phenolic compound that have the power to remove active oxy-free radicals, stopping nitrification and abating blood fat. They include drainpipes made from wood boards or box drains, bricks, horseshoe-shaped ceramic tile, circular clay tile, concrete tile, bituminised fibre perforated pipe, perforated smooth plastic pipe to corrugated plastic pipe. Everything in between is possible with bamboo!". Among many other discoveries, he described how the Chinese used and manufactured bamboo cables for towing boats. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. The obtained pulp was cooled, filtered and washed, and then further treated with glacial acetic acid. It has been extensively studied for graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto fibres in a living/controllable way [65]. Hence, it allows an artist to express his talent in several forms. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. However, the advantage of bamboo is that it grows incredibly fast, that it can be harvested on an annual basis without damaging or having to re-plant the plantation or forest, and that bamboo has some superior mechanical properties compared to traditional timbers. Other common species of bamboo used for this purpose are shown in Table 5. The common species of bamboo used for this purpose are given in Table 5. The use of bamboo fibres as reinforcement in composite materials has been immensely amplified with high-tech revolution in recent years. The increased content of the coupling agents used increased the morphological and mechanical properties of composites. In recent years, the development and utilisation of bamboo have attracted particular attention, not only in paper, textile and food industry but also for construction and reinforcing fibres. The minor components are pigments, tannins, protein, fat, pectin and ash. ATRP is a technique, which could allow the incorporation of polymers with predetermined molecular weight onto the surfaces of particles, fibres or membranes. Acrylonitrile treatment of bamboo fibre has been reported to improve the tensile, flexural and water absorption properties of acrylonitrile-treated bamboo fibre composites [49].

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