diflubenzuron mode of action

2022.07.31
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diflubenzuron mode of action

Ovicidal activity of Thompson-Hayward TH 6040 in the stable fly and horn fly after surface contact by adults.

Assessment of the risk of insecticide resistance provides valuable data for proactively devising or improving resistance management programs through which susceptibility can be maintained [2224]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268261.t001. Formal analysis, endstream endobj 24 0 obj <>stream Validation,

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268261.t004.

A cyromazine-selected strain of M. domestica showed no CR to diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, or methoxyfenozide [30]. Insects were maintained at 27C 2C, 65% 5% humidity, and under a 12h:12h (L/D) photoperiod in the laboratory.

One part, designated the susceptible strain, was cultured in the laboratory for 24 generations without exposure to any insecticide. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268261, Editor: Justin Clements, University of Idaho, UNITED STATES, Received: January 15, 2022; Accepted: April 25, 2022; Published: May 13, 2022. fipronil inquiry 0 e0268261. The laboratory evaluation of two promising new insecticides which interfere with cuticle deposition, Laboratory evaluation of three novel insecticides inhibiting cuticle formation against some susceptible and resistant stored products beetles, Inhibition of chitin synthesis by two 1-(2,6-disubstituted benzoyl)-3-phenylurea insecticides. The low h2 value seen in this study provides encouragement for the management of diflubenzuron resistance. ardif 33 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<36BEE72CCA10B4138AA742AC12128D21><01ACCFFC54D9F74C974C4609CA25392C>]/Index[20 22]/Info 19 0 R/Length 73/Prev 28133/Root 21 0 R/Size 42/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Patterns of CR to insecticides having similar or different modes of action have been documented in M. domestica strains [1,17,24,3135]. At a constant h2 value of 0.08 and with slopes of 1.51, 2.51, and 3.51, G values of 945, 1474, and 20104, respectively, equated to a tenfold increase in LC50 value in the Diflu-SEL M. domestica strain (Fig 2). Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The diet for the larvae consisted of wheat bran, yeast, dry milk powder, and sugar in the ratio 20:5:1.5:1.5 (g) made into a paste with 70 ml deionized water, provided in 500-ml plastic cups sited in the cages, for egg-laying and feeding.

Yes No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268261. Visualization, While field environmental conditions are varied compared to laboratory-controlled conditions [37,46], calculated values of h2 for diflubenzuron resistance by experimental selection in the laboratory have practical application for the control of M. domestica.

Toxicity of the chitin synthesis inhibitors, diflubenzuron and its dichloroanalogue, to Spodoptera littoralis larvae. In the control, 30 adult flies were used (10 flies per replicate). Following laboratory selection, RR for diflubenzuron increased to 30.33 by G5 rising to 182.33 by G24 compared to the susceptible strain (Table 3).

Efficiacy has been shown via extensive use. 0000001648 00000 n

S was determined as: This result is in agreement with those of other studies showing low values of h2 for insecticide resistance in M. domestica: 0.05 for fipronil [3], 0.06 for lambda-cyhalothrin [27], 0.17 for methoxyfenozide [28], 0.03 for pyriproxyfen [23], and 0.02 for flonicamid [24]. where n is the number of generations (G5G24) screened with diflubenzuron. Therefore, prudence is required when considering the risk of development of resistance to diflubenzuron when taking measures to control M. domestica. In agreement with our findings, M. domestica has been shown to rapidly develop high resistance to many insecticides under laboratory conditions, for example to imidacloprid (RR = 106) [40], spirotetramat (RR = 109) [41], pyriproxyfen (RR = 206) [33], cyromazine (RR = 211) [30], fipronil (RR = 430) [3], lambda-cyhalothrin (RR = 445) [27], chlorantraniliprole (RR = 750) [42], clothianidin (RR = 3827) [43], and methoxyfenozide (RR = 5254) [44]. Funding acquisition, The level of CR shown by the Diflu-SEL strain to all other fourteen tested insecticides (insect growth regulators, organophosphates, and pyrethroids) was either absent or very low compared to the field population. It was concluded that diflubenzuron does not exert its ovicidal activity through the males of these two insect species, and chemosterilization plays no role whatsoever in the mode of action. where p = survival percentage of Diflu-SEL (G5G24) screened with diflubenzuron. It is moderately toxic to fish, honeybees and earthworms but more toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Previously we have reported low to moderate resistance (RR = 9.33 to 28.67) to diflubenzuron in different populations of M. domestica [9]. When compared with the susceptible strain, the Diflu-SEL M. domestica strain (G24) showed no CR between diflubenzuron and any of methoxyfenozide, diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl, alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, or cypermethrin. 0000000586 00000 n

Project administration, where i = selection mortality, calculated according to the method of Tabashnik and McGaughey [37]: The estimated h2 value for diflubenzuron resistance was 0.08 for Diflu-SEL G24 (Table 4). Moreover, biological and cultural control measures should be adopted as elements of integrated pest management to reduce the usage of this insecticide. Mortality was noted after 48 h of exposure, after which LC50 values for the insecticides were calculated [36]. There were 10 adult flies in each replicate, 30 at each concentration, and 150 per bioassay. here. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click No, Is the Subject Area "Medical risk factors" applicable to this article?

Topical, residual and ovicidal contact toxicity of three reduced-risk insecticides against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on potato. No, Is the Subject Area "Musca domestica" applicable to this article? These results show that with an increase in h2 for diflubenzuron resistance, the risk of developing resistance increases. Yes (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. The data indicate that diflubenzuron has contact toxicity to at least one insect species as well as the known stomach poison action.

On larvae it acts mainly as a stomach poison, yet it sometimes exhibits important contact activity. It has a low aqueous solubility and is volatile. Resources, The LC50 for diflubenzuron increased from 0.91 ppm (95% FL 0.701.17) for Diflu-SEL G5 to 5.47 ppm (95% FL 3.2618.51) for Diflu-SEL G24 (Table 3). 20 0 obj <> endobj DD V,O72012,x@ Very low CR was exhibited between diflubenzuron and triflumuron, pyriproxyfen, cyromazine, fenitrothion, malathion, or chlorpyrifos (Table 5). ndP`pD7C|``W=|]@ /2 These results indicate that changes in any of these variables can alter the rate of development of diflubenzuron resistance. 0000004954 00000 n This study utilized laboratory selection and realized heritability methods to examine the risk of resistance development to diflubenzuron in Musca domestica L. Cross-resistance (CR) to fourteen other insecticides was measured in diflubenzuron-selected (Diflu-SEL) strain which was selected for 20 generations. All bioassays were performed under the abovementioned conditions.

Fifteen formulated insecticides from three classes (IGR, organophosphate, and pyrethroid) were used in the bioassays (Table 1). Realized heritability (h2) values provide evidence of the risk of development of insecticide resistance in laboratory-selected strains of any pest [25,45]. Larvae were transferred into glass beakers with fresh larval food after they had consumed the previous diet. The results indicate that this IGR can be an important tool for controlling horn fly populations as well as for managing horn fly resistance to conventional insecticides against Haematobia irritans in Uberlndia, State of Minas Gerais. It has a low mammalian toxicity.

However, a diflubenzuron-resistant strain of M. domestica from Denmark was shown to exhibit a very high CR to triflumuron (RR = 1000) [17]. R was calculated using following formula: Diflubenzuron, an IGR, is a chitin synthesis inhibitor that disrupts cuticle formation and is one of the most effective larvicides for controlling different insect pests, including M. domestica [12,1416]. The surviving larvae were allowed to pupate in glass beakers (Table 2). N-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea, N-(((4-chlorophenyl)amino)carbonyl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide, Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards, UK Environment Agency non-statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life in freshwater annual average 0.001 g l, max acceptable conc 0.015 g l, Herbicide Resistance Classification (HRAC), Herbicide Resistance Classification (WSSA), Insecticide Resistance Classification (IRAC), Fungicide Resistance Classification (FRAC), Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically, Supplied in a variety of formulations including wettable powders, oil-dispersable concentrates and granules, Source; quality score; and other information, Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 C (mg l), Decomposes before boiling at normal pressure, Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 C, Observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies, Henry's law constant at 25 C (Pa m mol), In acetonitrile 257nm = 15148, 290nm = 10500, EU dossier lab studies DT range 2.0-6.7 days, Published literature RL range 7.9-23.7 days, 2 field crops, various matrices, n=3, Dissipation rate RL on and in plant matrix, Published literature RL range 2.8-21.0 days, 4 field & undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=4, Aqueous hydrolysis DT (days) at 20 C and pH 7, Stable pH 5 to pH 7, some hydrolysis at pH 9, SCI-GROW groundwater index (g l) for a 1 kg ha or 1 l ha application rate, Potential for particle bound transport index, Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg bw d), Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg bw d), Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg), Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect, Contact acute LD (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - g bee), Oral acute LD (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - g bee), Unknown mode acute LD (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - g bee), Literature DT values range 0.06- 5.11 g bee depending upon exposure time, 1-7 days, Acute LD (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - g insect), Beneficial insects (Ladybirds) as Mortality LR g ha, Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as Mortality LR g ha, Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR g ha, Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR g.ha, Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC (mg l), Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l), Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC (mg l), Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC (mg l), Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l), Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg), Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC, biomass (mg l), Algae - Acute 72 hour EC, growth (mg l), Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l), Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class), Mammals - Dermal LD (mg kg body weight), ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg bw day), ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg bw day), AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg bw day), AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg bw day), Acceptable risks for proposed uses - PPE/PPC advised, Mammalian dose elimination route and rate. In 2000 ml glass beaker, two thousand 2nd instar larvae were screened with diflubenzuron by the diet incorporation method in each generation [9]. The other part was selected by exposure to diflubenzuron for 20 generations to produce a diflubenzuron-resistant strain, designated Diflu-SEL. Though all instars can be controlled, older instars are generally less susceptible than younger ones. Mode of action of lufenuron in adult Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

The Musca domestica L. is a well-known vector for a number of livestock and human diseases. The absence of or very low CR between diflubenzuron and triflumuron, cyromazine, pyriproxyfen, methoxyfenozide, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, or cypermethrin provides the opportunity for rotational usage of these insecticides to limit potential resistance in M. domestica, reducing insecticide-induced environmental damage. However, further biochemical and molecular studies are required to explore the correlated phenomena. Histological inspections of Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae revealed that after ending exposure to the compound, distortions in newly deposited cuticular layers decreased gradually. No, Is the Subject Area "Pest control" applicable to this article?

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Our results indicate that G values of 945, 420, and 213 would be needed to produce tenfold increases in LC50 for diflubenzuron at h2 values of 0.08, 0.18, and 0.28, respectively, with 25% to 95% selection mortality and a constant slope value of 1.51. Hb```f``jZ|nPPX94u1cav G u endstream endobj 22 0 obj 91 endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 10 0 R /Resources 14 0 R /Contents 19 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 14 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 16 0 R /F4 15 0 R /F5 17 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 20 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 18 0 R >> >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Times-BoldItalic >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Roman >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Bold >> endobj 18 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 3231 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream

0000001146 00000 n In a field-cage test following spray applications of diflubenzeron to cotton plants, 89% of the tobacco budworm larvae were in the 1st or 2nd instar at a time when the check only had 52% in those stages, indication of a retardation of the larval cycle. In the laboratory, the collected adults were transferred into a transparent cage (40 40 cm) and reared following the protocol of Abbas and Hafez [9]. Yes In Saudi Arabia, then, the absence of or very low CR between diflubenzuron and triflumuron (or the other tested insecticides) offers the option of alternation with diflubenzuron for the elimination of M. domestica. Each day, plastic cups in which eggs had been laid were removed from the cages and covered tightly with cloth to prevent hatched larvae from escaping. All larval bioassays were performed under the abovementioned conditions. Conceptualization, Some physiological aspects of the insecticidal action of diflubenzuron, an inhibitor of chitin synthesis, Penetration and insecticidal activity of diflubenzuron in Tenebrio molitor pupae. It is suggested that the lower efficacy of diflubenzuron on older pupae may be caused by the decrease both in the permeability of the cuticle and in the sensitivity of the target cells. where, R = selection response against diflubenzuron, and S = selection differential against diflubenzuron.

The value of h2 and the absent or low CR indicate potential successful management of resistance to diflubenzuron and recommend the use of the tested insecticides in rotation with diflubenzuron to control M. domestica.