is lipton green tea good for fatty liver

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is lipton green tea good for fatty liver

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is lipton green tea good for fatty liver

Assessment of the physical activity level with two questions: Validation with doubly labeled water. Model 1 was adjusted for age, BMI, and sex. 2018. It is believed to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, one of which is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 2006;50:21828. Moreover, a previous study conducted among Chinese women showed that tea consumption is associated with the serum concentration of total organochlorine pesticides (r=0.14, P<0.05) [29]. Y. X., K. N., and Y, Z., designed research; Y. X., X. W., S. Z., Q. Moreover, NAFLD is associated with metabolic syndrome [3], type 2 diabetes mellitus [4], and chronic kidney disease [5]. Article Maeda-Yamamoto M, Inagaki N, Kitaura J, Chikumoto T, Kawahara H, Kawakami Y, et al. 2008;8:828. J Nutr Biochem. Total alcohol intake in the preceding week was assessed using the FFQ. Adriano LS, Sampaio HA, Arruda SP, Portela CL, de Melo MLP, Carioca AA, et al. Table1 shows the age- and sex-adjusted characteristics according to NAFLD status. Seppl-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Hkkinen AM, Goto T, Westerbacka J, Sovijrvi A, et al. A previous study demonstrated that green tea consumption was positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults (hazard ratio: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.27) [30]. Participants were diagnosed as having NAFLD if they had evidence on abdominal ultrasonography (brightness of liver and a diffusely echogenic change in the liver parenchyma) and no history of heavy drinking. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Hepatology. Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: Potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. It is also possible that the participants with NAFLD have changed their habit of tea consumption to achieve healthy lifestyles. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Baseline characteristics of the NAFLD patients in each group, MeanSD daily total energy and macronutrient intakes before and after intervention, MeanSD biochemical factors before and after intervention. A total of 32,165 participants without acute inflammatory disease completed a comprehensive health examination and the study questionnaire. There is no significant association between daily tea drinking and newly-diagnosed NAFLD in general Chinese adults. IFCC method for alanine aminotransferase (L-alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.2), Bergmeyer HU, Hrder M, Rej R. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Committee, Analytical Section: Approved recommendation (1985) on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Categorical variables have been presented as percentages and examined using chi-square test. Article The same opaque capsules containing either dried powdered GTE or placebo (cellulose) were administered to the subjects by a research assistant blinded to the contents in the capsules. According to these results, it can be claimed that GTE prescribed can be considered as an absolute treatment to improve serum levels of Liver enzymes in NAFLD patients. Normality of continuous variable was tested by KolmogorovSmirnov test. While in the results of Takato et al., in 2013 study that evaluated laboratory parameters, BMI, weight, and histological observed liver after taking GTE 100 mg 3 times each day in 12 weeks, ALT declined in green tea group while AST and ALP levels remained unchanged. Patients with liver diseases such as Wilson's disease, autoimmune liver disease, hemochromatosis, virus infection, and alcoholic fatty liver as well as those with hepatotoxic, lipid lowering, metformin consumption and antihypertensive medication, contraceptive, and estrogen were excluded. C R Biol. Hepatology. Privacy National Library of Medicine The present cross-sectional study was based on the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study. Prevalence and associated factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial energy metabolism impairment and liver dysfunction following chronic exposure to dichlorvos. The scores of dietary patterns were used for further analyses as confounding factors. Malhotra N, Beaton MD. Table 1 shows the components of caffeine and polyphenols in the capsules. Ann Nutr Metab. The mechanisms underlying how green tea protects against NAFLD are mostly related to catechins present in tea. Instead, we diagnosed fatty liver via hepatic ultrasonography. The present study investigated the effects of consumption of green tea in NAFLD patients. Fourth, all the previous studies on tea and NAFLD showed effects at dosage higher than 500mg of catechins/day (equivalent to 9 cups of green tea). Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Effect of increased tea consumption on oxidative DNA damage among smokers: A randomized controlled study.

Stangl V, Lorenz M, Stangl K. The role of tea and tea flavonoids in cardiovascular health. NAFLD develops without alcohol abuse and represents a spectrum of liver disease encompassing simple fatty infiltration, fat and inflammation, and cirrhosis [2]. The above capsule was taken 30 min after lunch. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 2016;115:218995. However, it is reasonable to exclude participants with cardiovascular disease and cancer when estimating the associations between tea consumption and NAFLD. Further studies are needed to explore the associations between more cups of tea drinking (e.g., equivalent to 500mg of catechins/day) and the prevalence of NAFLD. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Finally, liver biopsy, the gold standard for the diagnosis of liver disease, was not performed in the present study, due to the apparently healthy study population. 81903302, 91746205, and 81673166), China; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. We found a positive association between consumption of tea and the prevalence of newly-diagnosed NAFLD before adjustments. Modulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme induction by the green tea polyphenol EGCG. Standardization of methods for the determination of enzyme activities in biological fluids. In total, 19,350 participants were enrolled in the analyses. NAFLD was identified for the first time in people without alcohol usage experience in 1980. Ultrasound scanning in the detection of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. IFCC method for aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1). The Chinese food composition tables [13] were used as the nutrient database. Employment status was classified as either senior officials and managers or professionals. Bruno RS, Dugan CE, Smyth JA, DiNatale DA, Koo SI. In the study region, a cup of tea has a typical volume of 200ml. A previous meta-analysis of four clinical trials suggested that green tea extract supplementation yield benefits on NAFLD related risk factors [11]. Bellentani S, Dalle Grave R, Suppini A, Marchesini G, Fatty liver Italian N. Behavior therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The need for a multidisciplinary approach. Rezg R, Mornagui B, El-Fazaa S, Gharbi N. Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE. ALP levels showed significant reductions in both groups after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). The subjects were asked to take one capsule containing 500 mg of either GTE or cellulose each day for 12 weeks. Kohgo Y, Ohtake T, Ikuta K, Suzuki Y, Torimoto Y, Kato J. Dysregulation of systemic iron metabolism in alcoholic liver diseases. Terms and Conditions, NAFLD prevalence has increased with the change in eating habits, thus identifying an effective treatment for NAFLD is a significant public health objective. 2008;331:65562.

2008;47:74654. Park HJ, DiNatale DA, Chung MY, Park YK, Lee JY, Koo SI, et al. Targher G, Byrne CD. 1999;436:6997. [5] They have been found to decrease oxidative stress[6] and to exert anti-virus,[7] anti-allergenic,[8] anti-hypertensive,[9] and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Information on smoking (never, former, and current smoking) and drinking (never, former, current drinking everyday, and current drinking sometimes) status of the participants was obtained via a questionnaire survey. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [4] The major tea catechins include epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin (EGC), and EGC gallate (EGCG). Type 2 diabetes was defined as having fasting blood glucose 7.0mmol/, or 2-h postprandial blood glucose 11.1mmol/l, or HbA1c6.5% (48mmol/mol), or a history of diabetes based on the 2014 American Diabetes Association criteria [17]. Fasting blood sugar level was measured via the glucose oxidase method, triglyceride level was measured via enzymatic methods, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was measured via the chemical precipitation method using reagents obtained from Roche Diagnostics on an automatic biochemistry analyser (Roche Cobas 8000 modular analyser; Roche, Mannheim, Germany). [23,24,25] The prevalence of this is 3446% in adults, although the prevalence of it is 21.531.5% in Iran. Fan JG, Jia JD, You Ming LI, Wang BY, Lun Gen LU, Shi JP, et al. [22] In fact, when NAFLD appears that fat comprises 510% of liver's weight. Careers. Learn more

Third, although we considered as many covariates as possible, we cannot rule out the possibility that unmeasured factors might contribute to the associations observed. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. The associations between tea consumption and the prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD are shown in Table2. Koo SI, Noh SK. The FFQ included seven frequency categories ranging from almost never eat to twice or more per day for foods and eight frequency categories ranging from almost never drink to four or more times per day for beverages.

Compared with the participants who never drank tea, the ORs (95% CI) of newly diagnosed NAFLD in the highest category (1 cup/day) of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea before adjustments were1.48 (1.33, 1.65), 1.50 (1.33, 1.68), 1.28 (1.13, 1.46), and 1.36 (1.20, 1.54), respectively. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - a global public health perspective. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the associations between tea consumption and the prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD among Chinese adults. Johansson G, Westerterp KR. This cross-sectional study was based on the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIHealth) Cohort Study, which is a large prospective dynamic cohort study that focuses on the relationships between chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and the health status of a population living in Tianjin, China [12]. In Jablonski et al., 2013 study which was done on 53 NAFLD patients, the average weight of patients was more than control group, so that patients had high BMI and 10% weight addition to their idea weight. After adjustments for age and sex where appropriate, participants with NAFLD tended to be men, older, of lower education level, less likely to be employed as managers (P<0.0001), and current or ex-smokers, who drank sometimes, had lower daily energy intake and lower intake of vegetable pattern (P<0.0001), had a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and family history of diabetes, and higher BMI and alanine aminotransferase level (P<0.0001). Koo SI, Noh SK. The mean daily macronutrient and dietary fiber intakes were shown in Table 3. American DA. To the best of our knowledge, no study has explored the associations between daily tea consumption and the prevalence of NAFLD. dissertation which was approved by School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with code 393254. CAS 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint National Committee (JNC 8). The factor loadings scores of primary food groups of dietary patterns. Papavagelis C, Avgeraki E, Augoulea A, Stamatelopoulos K, Lambrinoudaki I, Yannakoulia M. Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet and obesity in postmenopausal women. Toxicology. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. ALT and AST were determined by the method developed by International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. It is possible that the lack of association is due to the fact that the proportion of participants who drink enough cups of tea per day is too low in a general population. Part 3. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. However, no significant association was found between tea consumption and NAFLD after adjustment for socio-demographic, behavioural, anthropometric, dietary, and clinical confounding factors. Hamza A, Zhan CG. Int J Epidemiol. The results are not in line with those of previous studies which found that tea extracts are associated with a lower prevalence of the risk factors of NAFLD. Murase T, Haramizu S, Shimotoyodome A, Tokimitsu I, Hase T. Green tea extract improves running endurance in mice by stimulating lipid utilization during exercise. Int J Mol Med. Green tea as a safe alternative approach for nonalcoholic fatty liver treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. All subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two above-mentioned groups. Angulo P. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Spearmans rank correlation coefficient for energy intake between two food frequency questionnaires administered three months apart was 0.68. In Asia, tea has been regarded to process significant health-promoting effects for centuries [10]. Participants were recruited during their annual health examinations at the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital-Health Management Center and community management centres in Tianjin. This article was extracted from MSc. Most recently, a meta-analysis that included four randomized controlled trials suggested that there are potential benefits of green tea supplementation on the risk factors of NAFLD [11]. government site. Dietary data were collected using a 3-day dietary record and averages of 3-day energy and macro-nutrients intakes were analyzed using Nutritionist Software (Version 4.1, First Databank Division, The Hearst Corporation, San Bruno, CA). and transmitted securely. 2011;25:178995. Green tea group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). 2014;311:50720. Weight and height were assessed using an automatic height and weight measurement instrument (Omron HNH-219; Omron, Kyoto, Japan) with a standard protocol. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to that it is an ongoing cohort study but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. BMJ. Liver ultrasonography was performed by trained sonographers using a TOSHIBA SSA-660A ultrasound machine (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) with a 25MHz curved array probe. Nutr J 18, 71 (2019). Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM, Gramlich T, Ong JP, Hurley M, et al. In the assessment of characteristics of participants according to NAFLD status, continuous variables have been presented as the least square mean (with 95% confidence interval, [CI]) and examined using analysis of variance. [32,33] In the past, BMI was the more important independent predictor agent of accumulated fat in the liver. 2015;7:477891. Diraison F, Moulin P, Beylot M. Contribution of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and reesterification of plasma non esterified fatty acids to plasma triglyceride synthesis during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. Fasting blood samples were obtained via venipuncture of the cubital vein and immediately mixed with EDTA. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is independently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Total PA levels were assessed by combining separate scores for different activities. Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Maturitas. statement and

There was a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake in green tea group (P = 0.02). Thus, it is possible that the pesticide residue in tea, released into hot water could attenuate the beneficial effect of tea in the present study. Second, we excluded participants with health conditions; thus, the final sample may not be representative of the population. The sample size was computed 35 per group by considering = 0.05 and a power of 90%. 2014;9:e88701. The final study population comprised 19,350 individuals. The aim of the study was carefully explained to the patients, and their written informed consent was obtained. [39] Reports on NASH patients showed that elevated iron stores, iron absorption in the liver[40] and serum ALT levels were decreased by bloodletting treatment. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Springer Nature. However, no study has reported on the beneficial effect of daily tea consumption and the prevalence of NAFLD. Green tea group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). Previous studies have focused on the effect of tea extract on NAFLD. Leite NC, Salles GF, Araujo AL, Villela-Nogueira CA, Cardoso CR. All participants underwent ultrasonography for determining fatty liver by a single sonographist. [20] All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS Software (Version 16, Spss Inc. Chicago, IL). 2011;343:d3897. Daily tea drinking is not associated with newly diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults: the Tianjin chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and health cohort study, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0502-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Joukar F, Golpour S, Najafgholizadeh A.

Thus, it is important to identify modifiable risk factors and develop preventive strategies to decrease the disease burden of NAFLD. Catechins account for ~20% of the flavonoids in green tea leaves. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: update 2010. Compared with the participants who never drink tea, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of newly diagnosed NAFLD in the highest categories ( 1 cup/day) of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea were 1.48 (1.33, 1.65), 1.50 (1.33, 1.68), and 1.28 (1.13, 1.46), and 1.36 (1.20, 1.54) before adjustments, respectively. Food Chem Toxicol. There were no significant differences at baseline between the two groups in terms of age, gender, marital status, education level, physical activity, and the severity of fatty liver. Blood pressure was measured twice from the upper left arm using a TM-2655P automatic device (A&D Co., Tokyo, Japan) after five minutes of rest in a seated position. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Other researchers have accentuated that the peripheral accumulated lipid is a more important predictor agent in comparison with BMI. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated. 2017;13:297310. China food composition. Anstee QM, McPherson S, Day CP. Significant increases in serum biochemical indices, including the levels of alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation by-products have been observed experimentally after subchronic or chronic exposure to organophosphates [31, 32]. Nat Rev Nephrol. [37] It has been shown that catechins promote lipid metabolism in the liver. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. At baseline and at the end of the intervention weight, serum ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in fasting state, and dietary data were collected at baseline and end of the study. Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. In addition to the development of a fatty liver, NAFLD patients may also exhibit inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis of the liver, which are known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging driving force in chronic kidney disease. Tea in its various processed forms (i.e., non-fermented green tea, partly-fermented oolong tea, and fermented black tea) represents the most widely consumed beverage worldwide [9]. Liu X, Xu W, Cai H, Gao YT, Li H, Ji BT, et al. Diabetes Care. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The mean SD of biochemical factors before and after intervention are shown in Table 4. [10,11] In addition, results of animal experiments have indicated that catechins affect the lipid metabolism by decreasing triglyceride and total cholesterol levels[12] and enhancing energy utilization. [38] Body weight and adiposity were blunted by catechin administration in the obese mouse model C57BL/6J. Tea (Camellia sinensis Theaceae) was discovered in China in 3000BC or earlier [8]. NAFLD is defined by elevated liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] >31 mg/dl and 41 mg/dl and aspartate aminotransferase [AST] >31 mg/dl and 47 g/dl in women and men, respectively) and echogenicity grading of the liver was based on Saverymuttu et al.,[16] that is, mild steatosis as a slight increase in liver echogenicity and exaggeration of liver and kidney echo discrepancy, and relative preservation of echoes from the walls of the portal vein, moderate steatosis as a loss of echoes from the walls of the portal veins, particularly from the peripheral branches, resulting in a featureless appearance of the liver as well as a greater posterior beam attenuation and a greater discrepancy between hepatic and renal echoes, and severe steatosis as a greater reduction in beam penetration, loss of echoes from most of the portal vein wall.

Among the 19,350 participants, 19.4% were classified as newly diagnosed NAFLD. Takato U, Ryuichiro S, Toru N, Takuji T, Michio S. Green tea with high-density catechins improves liver function and fat infiltration in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. According to these results, it can be claimed that GTE 500 mg prescribed can be considered as an absolute treatment to improve serum levels of liver enzymes in NAFLD patients.

will also be available for a limited time. Ullmann U, Haller J, Bakker GC, Brink EJ, Weber P. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (TEAVIGO) does not impair nonhaem-iron absorption in man. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System 9.3 edition for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and STATA (version 12.1; Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX, USA). GTE samples were extracted from dried leaves of green tea according to the present standard procedures with a certificate of analysis given. All participants were asked to maintain their usual lifestyle.

Sumida Y, Kanemasa K, Fukumoto K, Yoshida N, Sakai K, Nakashima T, et al. Thus, we designed this cross-sectional study of the general population to explore the associations between daily tea consumption and the prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD among Chinese adults.

First, due to the nature of the self-reporting questionnaire, recall bias existed and the amount of tea consumed may not have been precisely reported. Kuroda Y, Hara Y. Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity of tea polyphenols. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. 8600 Rockville Pike However, no significant association was found between tea consumption and the prevalence of NAFLD after adjusting for socio-demographic, behavioural, anthropometric, dietary, and clinical confounding factors. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for energy intake (kJ/d), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, physical activity, educational level, household income, smoking status, drinking status, employment status, family history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, intake of sweet foods pattern, vegetable pattern and animal foods pattern, and consumption of two other kinds of tea. In this present, green tea group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Rodella S, Zoppini G, Pichiri I, et al. Part 2. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. FOIA The This double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 80 obese adult patients with NAFLD recruited from Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences from September 2013 to February 2014. O-methylated catechins from tea leaves inhibit multiple protein kinases in mast cells. high consumption of red meat [19], fruits [20], sweet products, desserts, and sugar [21]). Association of serum concentration of organochlorine pesticides with dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among urban Chinese women. suggested that pesticide contamination of tea could underlie the association between daily tea consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes [30]. Kang JS, Lee WK, Yoon WK, Kim N, Park SK, Park HK, et al. 2011;12:4550. The placebo group showed a reduction in ALT and AST levels at the end of the study, but it was no significant. 2014;2:90110. [21] In fact, this disease includes a wide range of disorders from accumulated lipid in the big vesicular form to accumulated lipid with inflammation, cirrhosis, and hepatic damage. 2018;15:129. Waist circumference was measured at the umbilical level with participants standing and breathing normally. Binukumar BK, Bal A, Kandimalla R, Sunkaria A, Gill KD. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Spearmans rank correlation coefficient for energy intake as assessed via the WDRs and FFQ was 0.49. However, the amounts of catechins in most commercially available green teas is about 60mg per 200ml [28], which is equal to one cup in the present study. Healthy dietary pattern is inversely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in elderly. Increased hepatocellular mitochondrial -oxidation activity promotes the breakdown of fatty acids and it is thought that it acts as a protective mechanism against NAFLD. Further studies are warranted to directly assess pesticide levels in tea and confirm the findings of the present study. Correlation coefficients for nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, polyunsaturated fats, saturated fats, carbohydrates and calcium) as assessed via the WDRs and FFQ ranged from 0.35 to 0.54. J Dig Dis. Hypertension was defined as average systolic BP140mmHg or average diastolic BP 90mmHg or use of antihypertension medications [16].

PLoS One. 2015;7:29627. Green tea ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces body weight with regulation of multiple genes expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Accessibility The components of NAFLD have not yet been fully elucidated, but the following steps are considered to be the main mechanism. 2012;88:88101. 2018;32:187684. A random number between 0.0 and 0.99 was generated by the computer for each subject. Fifth, the validity of the short form of IPAQ has not been tested in the study population and the physical activity may not be exact. Yang CQ, Shu L, Wang S, Wang JJ, Zhou Y, Xuan YJ, et al. Lifestyle management, including sustained weight loss, healthy diet, and increased physical activity (PA), is still an important approach to treating NAFLD [6, 7]. Lifestyle-related factors such as poor diet, obesity, excessive alcohol intake, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia have all been proposed to contribute to NAFLD. No significant association was detected between daily consumption of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea and the prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD in Chinese adults after adjustments. 2003;35:1396. Khan N, Mukhtar H. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by green tea polyphenols. Factors were named descriptively according to the food items that showed high loading (absolute value >0.3) with respect to each dietary pattern as follows: sweet foods pattern, vegetable pattern and animal foods pattern (Additionalfile1: Table S1). Daskalopoulou SS, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M. Prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.