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Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., & Law, K. L. (2015). Van Cauwenberghe, L., & Janssen, C. R. (2014). PLoS ONE,11, e0155063 (2016). Around 20% of all plastic waste in the oceans comes from marine sources. UNEP & FAO (2009). Atmos. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w. Cressey, D. (2016). Continued research in this area is important to better understand the role of plastic within broader ecosystems and risk to human health. For context, this is roughly equivalent to the mass of two-thirds of the world population.3. Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T. The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Eriksen et al. There we see each countrys share of global plastic emissions. Potential health impact of environmentally released micro-and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: experiences from nanotoxicology. Welden, N. A. C. & Cowie, P. R. Environment and gut morphology influence microplastic retention in langoustine, Nephrops norvegicus. Entanglements most commonly involve plastic rope and netting30 and abandoned fishing gear.31 However, entanglement by other plastics such as packaging have also been recorded. But our best estimates of the amount of plastic afloat at sea are orders of magnitude lower than the amount of plastic that enters our oceans in a single year: as we show in the visualization, its far lower than 8 million tonnes and instead in the order of 10s to 100s of thousands of tonnes. There are some key points we can take away from the visualization: What does this mean for our understanding of the missing plastic problem? slower metabolic rate and survival in Asian green mussels, reduced reproducibility and survival in copepods, reduced growth and development of langoustine, reduced energy stores in shore crabs and lugworms. There are three key pathways by which plastic debris can affect wildlife28: Entanglement the entrapping, encircling or constricting of marine animals by plastic debris. Bioaccumulation of PCBs from microplastics in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus): An experimental study. The world now produces more than 380 million tonnes of plastic every year, which could end up as pollutants, entering our natural environment and oceans. This is because we have a large legacy of plastics buried and awash on our shorelines which would continue to resurface and be transported to offshore regions; and existing plastics can persist in the ocean environment for many decades. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X13002501. Ogonowski, M., Schr, C., Jarsn, . Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels. Most of the worlds largest emitting rivers are in Asia, with some also in East Africa and the Caribbean. Day RH, Wehle DHS, Coleman FC. First, plastic pollution is dominant where the local waste management practices are poor. Ecosystem structures can also be impacted by plastics following interference of substrate with plastics (impacting on light penetration, organic matter availability and oxygen exchange). Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X16305380. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, 2729 November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed.

in tissue) remains to be studied in detail.55 Micro- and nanoplastics in bivalves (mussels and oysters) cultured for human consumption have also been identified. This has important implications for managing global plastic waste: if countries with effective waste management systems predominantly high-income countries export plastic waste to middle to low-income countries with poor waste management systems, they could be adding to the ocean plastic problem in this way. If we want to rapidly reduce the amount of both macro- and microplastics in our oceans, these results suggest two priorities: Number one we must stop plastic waste entering our waterways as soon as possible. (2015). As such, traded plastic waste could eventually enter the ocean through poor waste management systems. There has been no evidence of harmful effects to date however, the precautionary principle would indicate that this is not evidence against taking exposure seriously. An analysis byRochman et al. A., & Fullana, A. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A,31(9), 1574-1578. Available at:http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155063. Note that this at least an order of magnitude lower than estimated inputs of plastics to the ocean; the discrepancy here relates to a surprising, but long-standing question in the research literature on plastics: where is the missing plastic going?. This plastic waste will have to be handled domestically or exported to another country. The definitions of key terms used in this entry are as follows: Discarded: waste that is not recycled or incinerated; this includes waste that goes to landfill (closed or open), is littered, or lost to the natural environment. Yet it emits 100 times as much plastic to the ocean each year (200 to 300 tonnes versus only 3 to 5 tonnes). We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. In rich countries, nearly all of its plastic waste is incinerated, recycled, or sent to well-managed landfills. Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., & Law, K. L. (2015). However, neither human exposure nor potential risk have been identified or quantified.56. In the chart we see the ten largest contributors.12 This is shown as each rivers share of the global total. Law, K. L. (2017). Current Biology. Probability that mismanaged plastic waste gets emitted to the ocean. This is crucial, not only in understanding the scale of the problem but in implementing the most effective interventions for reduction. Which oceans have the most plastic waste? Ingestion of plastic can occur unintentionally, intentionally, or indirectly through the ingestion of prey species containing plastic. Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., Milan, M., Benedetti, M., Fattorini, D., dErrico, G., & Regoli, F. (2015). Why then do we find at least 100 times less plastics in our surface waters? Opt not to print. This makes clear that improving waste management is essential if were to tackle plastic pollution. Environmental Pollution,223, 286-294. For example polychlorinated biphenyl; PCB. Scientific Reports,8(1), 4666. It also helps if we understandwhythese rivers emit so much. Environmental Science & Technology,49(22), 13622-13627. Ingestion of plastic pollutants by marine birds. A. Springer, Cham. Which countries produce the most total plastic waste? Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., & Thompson, R. C. (2014). At the end of that year China introduced a complete ban on the imports of non-industrial plastic waste.68. Fishing gear, for example, has been shown to cause abrasion and damage to coral reef ecosystems upon collision. To date, there has been no clear evidence of the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants or leached plastic additives in humans. Available at:https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es400931b. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716310154, http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0620e/i0620e00.htm, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w, More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913, Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Plastic pollution in the worlds oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea, Bottles, bags, ropes and toothbrushes: the struggle to track ocean plastics, A global mass budget for positively buoyant macroplastic debris in the ocean, The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409, https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/14-2070.1, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_4, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X14008571, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0116, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X13002501, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X16305380, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155063, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563688, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b04026, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43097705.pdf, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468584417300235, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_13, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116323910, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116311666, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b01090, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114002425, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2013.843025, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2014.945099, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b03163, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113615300659, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es400931b, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09128-x, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653517311724, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/6/eaat0131, A slide-deck summary of global plastics is. global primary production of plastic was 270 million tonnes; global plastic waste was 275 million tonnes it did exceed annual primary production through wastage of plastic from previous years; plastic waste generated in coastal regions is most at risk of entering the oceans; in 2010 coastal plastic waste generated within 50 kilometres of the coastline amounted to 99.5 million tonnes; only plastic waste which is improperly managed (mismanaged) is at significant risk of leakage to the environment; in 2010 this amounted to 31.9 million tonnes; of this, 8 million tonnes 3% of global annual plastics waste entered the ocean (through multiple outlets, including rivers); Plastics in the oceans surface waters is several orders of magnitude lower than annual ocean plastic inputs. Cedervall T, Hansson LA, Lard M, Frohm B, Linse S. 2012. What is the relative contribution of each? 34486. Khn, S., Rebolledo, E. L. B., & van Franeker, J. This is our main data entry on plastics, with a particular focus on its pollution of the environment. Food chain transport of nanoparticles affects behaviour and fat metabolism in fish. Available at:http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768. Therefore, 10-11 percent of Chinas total plastic waste was imported from around the world. Three possible toxic effects of plastic particle have been suggested: the plastic particles themselves, the release of persistent organic pollutant adsorbed to the plastics,and leaching of plastic additives.62. Plastic pollution in the worlds oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. This can occur when a species consumes organisms of a lower level in the food chain which has microplastics in the gut or tissue.51 The presence of microplastics at higher levels of the food chain (in fish) has been documented.52 53, One factor which possibly limits the dietary uptake for humans is that microplastics in fish tend to be present in the gut and digestive tract parts of the fish not typically eaten.54 The presence of microplastics in fish beyond the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. In the chart we see the share of global plastic waste that is discarded, recycled or incinerated from 1980 through to 2015. Inadequately disposed and littered waste are different, and are defined in the sections below. It can also provide environmental benefits: it plays a critical role in maintaining food quality, safety and reducing food waste. The data and visualizations which follow in this entry provide this overview step-by-step. The authors estimate the GPGP spanned 1.6 million km2. In the chart we see plastic production allocation by sector for 2015. Available at:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0116. As shown in the chart here, the largest accumulation of plastics within ocean basins is the North Pacific. Devriese, L. I., De Witte, B., Vethaak, A. D., Hostens, K., & Leslie, H. A. As heatwaves blanket Europe, cities turn to nature for solutions, Island nations get new lifeline to beat pollution, Inside the Clean Seas campaign against microplastics, What you need to know about the plastic pollution resolution, Life Cycle Initiative 2002-2022: Speeding up the transition to Sustainable consumption and production with Life Cycle Approaches, Bridges to Lisbon: The 2022 United Nations Ocean Conference, What you need to know about the global resolution on sustainable lake management. This makes it a valuable material for many functions. Large volumes of plastic can greatly reduce stomach capacity, leading to poor appetite and false sense of satiation.34 Plastic can also obstruct or perforate the gut, cause ulcerative lesions, or gastric rupture. (2018) suggest this ban has several implications: In addition to this main data entry we have collated some of the most common questions on plastics on our FAQ on Plastics page. However, note that this is based on the simplistic extrapolation of historic trends and does not represent concrete projections. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin 69:20614. Over this period, China imported between 7 and 9 million tonnes of plastic waste per year. Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress. Available at:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2013.843025. This data comes from Meijer, L. J., van Emmerik, T., van der Ent, R., Schmidt, C., & Lebreton, L. (2021). Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w. This article was first published in September 2018. Very small particles such as plastic fibres can be taken up by small organisms such as filter-feeding oysters or mussels; larger materials such as plastic films, cigarette packets, and food packaging have been found in large fish species; and in extreme cases, documented cases of sperm whales have shown ingestion of very large materials including9m of rope, 4.5m of hose, two flowerpots, and large amounts of plastic sheeting.33. Yang, D., Shi, H., Li, L., Li, J., Jabeen, K., & Kolandhasamy, P. (2015). This data is also presented in the review by Law (2017): Law, K. L. (2017). But this ambitious target alone will not be enough. Its not left open to the surrounding environment. To try to understand the conundrum of what happens to plastic waste when it enters the ocean, Lebreton, Egger and Slat (2019) created a global model of ocean plastics from 1950 to 2015. Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. The other 80% comes from land. Mismanagedwaste in low-to-middle income countries is therefore much higher.

Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion tonnes of plastic produced from 1950-2017 became plastic waste, ending up in landfills or dumped. Plastic in our oceans can arise from both land-based or marine sources. Available at:http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913. The accumulation of a large number of particles tends to result from the breakdown of larger plastics this results in an accumulation of plastic particles for a given mass. They wanted to understand where plastic accumulates, and how old it is: a few years old, ten years or decades? There are multiple scenarios where this can have an impact on organisms. Save the planet. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic.

Available at:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w. Wright, S., Rowe, D., Thompson, R. C. & Galloway, T. S. Microplastic ingestion decreases energy reserves in marine worms. As main meal for sperm whales: plastics debris. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116323910.

(2013). Recycled plastic waste is now a product within the global commodity market it is sold and traded across the world. The amount of plastic in surface waters is not very well known: estimates range from 10,000s to 100,000s tonnes. More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean. Incineration: a method waste treatment which involves the burning of material at very high temperatures. Which countries produce the most mismanaged plastic waste? 1985. (2019). Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653517311724. Freshwater makes up only 2 per cent of all water. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Available at:http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155063. Scientific Reports,7(1), 8620. Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2013). Its estimated that there are more than 5 trillion plastic particles in the worlds surface waters.14. Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P. C., & Peters, R. J. Wang, J., Tan, Z., Peng, J., Qiu, Q., & Li, M. (2016). A global mass budget for positively buoyant macroplastic debris in the ocean. Available at:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2014.945099. (2017). Li, W. C., Tse, H. F., & Fok, L. (2016). Brooks, A. L., Wang, S., & Jambeck, J. R. (2018). Plastic is a unique material with many benefits: its cheap, versatile, lightweight, and resistant. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_4. This interactive chart shows the probability that mismanaged waste is emitted to the ocean. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468584417300235. When organisms ingest microplastics, it can take up space in the gut and digestive system, leading to reductions in feeding signals. The authors aimed to quantify where plastic accumulates in the ocean across three environments: the shoreline (defined as dry land bordering the ocean), coastal areas (defined as waters with a depth less than 200 meters) and offshore (waters with a depth greater than 200 meters). As a result, plastics tend to accumulate in oceanic gyres,with high concentrations of plastics at the centre of ocean basins, and much less around the perimeters. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114002425. (2014) estimated that there was approximately 269,000 tonnes of plastic in surface waters across the world.13. (2017). InMarine Anthropogenic Litter(pp. Cities such as Jakarta in Indonesia and Manila in the Philippines are drained by relatively small rivers but account for a large share of plastic emissions. The Life Cycle Initiative, hosted by UNEP, promotes life cycle knowledge, revealing the unintended trade-offs between circular approaches' social, environmental, When: June 8, 2022, from 10 am Nairobi Time (GMT+3) How much plastic enters the worlds oceans? Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection, Announcement of releasing the Catalogues of Imported Wastes Management, (Announcement no. The table summarizes some standard ranges for a given particle category.73, This is assuming a mass of 75 kg per person [(381,000,000*1,000kg)/75kg per person=5,080,000,000 people]. Science Advances, 4(6), eaat0131. Inadequately managed waste:waste is not formally managed and includes disposal in dumps or open, uncontrolled landfills, where it is not fully contained. PLoS ONE 11, e0155063 (2016). For human health, it is the smallest particles micro- and nano-particles which are small enough to be ingested that are of greatest concern. Royal Society Open Science, 1(4), 140317. Ecology,97(2), 302-312. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. Ecological Indicators,34, 641647 (2013). If true, this matters a lot for how much plastic we would expect in our surface oceans in the decades which follow. Marine Environmental Research,113, 7-17. Under growth scenarios, the authors assume annual growth rates continue in line with the average increase in global plastic production over the decade from 2005-2015. Thirty-three Small Island Developing States join $515 million USD Global Environment Facility initiative to manage hazardous chemicals and waste. In the case of microplastics (particles smaller than 4.75 millimeter in diameter), the key concern is ingestion. Interaction interaction includes collisions, obstructions, abrasions or use as substrate. At the global level, best estimates suggest that approximately 80 percent of ocean plastics come from land-based sources, and the remaining 20 percent from marine sources.8, Of the 20 percent from marine sources, its estimated that around half (10 percentage points) arises from fishing fleets (such as nets, lines and abandoned vessels).

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