conidial yield obtained using t

2022.07.31
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conidial yield obtained using t

The conidial yield obtained using the optimized fermentation medium was about 33 times higher than that of CDB medium (Table 2). Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05) according to Tukeys honest significant difference test. Each value represents the mean standard deviation of two runs with three replicates per run. To effectively harvest viable S. lamellicola BCP conidia, optimization of the freeze-drying method was performed. 1). Competition for glucose in the soil is involved in disease suppression. For example, Kasugamycin, Jinggangmycin, Polyoxymycin, and Streptomycin. An agitation speed of 300 rpm in a 5-l jar corresponded to 150 rpm in a 500-l pilot and 80 rpm in a 5,000-l vessel, respectively. BCP-WP10 effectively controlled the development of gray mold diseases of tomato and ginseng plants in field conditions. This capacity to induce resistance to a wide range of diseases in a variety of plants appears to be widespread. The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. 2022 University of Massachusetts Amherst Site Policies. The experiment was repeated twice with three replicates per sample.

The diluted solutions were spread on potato dextrose agar and the number of conidia was counted after 3 days by the plate viability count method (Oliveira et al., 2015). The experiment was repeated twice with three replicates per sample. The diluted solutions were spread on potato dextrose agar (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and the number of conidia was counted after 3 days by the plate viability count method (Oliveira et al., 2015). And it increased the surface absorbing area of roots 100 to 1,000 times, thereby greatly improving the ability of the plant to access soil resources. In this study, the control efficacy of BCP-WP10 for ginseng gray mold was 65.6% at a 500-fold dilution. The bio fungicide currently developed are basically microbial fungicides of bacteria, fungi, and antibiotics, mainly including agricultural antibiotics, bacterial fungicides, fungal fungicides, and viral fungicides. Careers. The temperature was programmed at 20C for 600 min, 10C for 600 min, 0C for 600 min, 15C for 900 min, and 30C for 1,200 min. Biological control in greenhouse systems. on improving soil conditions, controlling plant diseases & increasing plant yields and quality. Ahn JY, Park MS, Kim SK, Choi GJ, Jang KS, Choi YH, Choi JE, Kim IS, Kim JC. Disease incidence was determined by counting the number of diseased plants among of 50 plants per treatment at 7 days after the third treatment and then the control efficacy was calculated as described above. In addition, BCP-WP10 effectively reduced the development of ginseng gray mold. Composition of 11 additives for freeze-drying the fermentation broth of Simplicillium lamellicola BCP and the numbers of viable conidia in the freeze-dried samples. This site is maintained by Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment in the College of Natural Sciences. Moyano C, Gmez V, Melgarejo P. Resistance to pyrimethanil and other fungicides in Botrytis cinerea populations collected on vegetable crops in spain. Lee SK, Shon HB, Kim GG, Chung YR. Enhancement of biological control of Botrytis cinerea on cucumber by foliar sprays and bed potting mixes of Trichoderma harzianum YC459 and its application on tomato in the greenhouse. The disease incidence of the untreated control was 26.8%. Agricultural antibiotic bactericides are secondary metabolites produced by microbial fermentation processes that inhibit or kill plant pathogens and regulate crop growth and development at low concentrations. And have a remarkable ability to adapt to bad soil environments & improve soil conditions. Disease incidence (DI) was assessed 7 days after the third application of BCP-WP10, and DI was calculated as the percentage of tomato plants that were infected with Botrytis cinerea. Many experiments have investigated plant-derived antifungal metabolites (Lee et al., 2001) and antagonistic microorganisms (Yang et al., 2014), but to date there has been no biofungicide that can effectively reduce the development of ginseng gray mold. Kim JH, Lee SH, Kim CS, Lim EK, Choi KH, Kong HG, Kim DW, Lee SW, Moon BJ. Various chemical pesticides have been used for the control of gray mold in the agricultural ecosystem (Choi et al., 2008; Williamson et al., 2007). In this study, an optimized freeze-drying method for harvesting S. lamellicola conidia from a liquid culture was developed. Li X, Han JS, Jin X, Yin D, Choi JE. For seed cultures, a 1.2-ml Cryovial tube (Simport) was thawed at 25C and cultured in a 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 ml of fermentation medium. In conclusion, processes for the scale-up of fermentation culture from 5-l to 5,000-l, freeze-drying, and wettable powder-type formulation of S. lamellicola BCP were developed in this study.

Biofungicides can also improve nutrient uptake (copper, phosphorous, iron, and manganese). Additionally, the control efficacy of a 250-fold dilution treatment of BCP-WP10 was similar to that of the chemical fungicide fludioxonil. has a wide variety of resources and abundant resources. Mycorrhizal fungi create a symbiotic relationship increasing the plants ability to uptake fixed nutrients and water, improving plant performance.

Enhanced resistance is systemic because disease resistance occurs at sites distance from the location of the biocontrol microorganisms. Control efficacy was calculated using the following formula: control efficacy (%) = 100 (DI of control DI of treatment)/DI of control. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0, White carbon 10% + lactose 5% + trehalose 5%, Lactose 10% + trehalose 7.5% + soybean meal 2% + glycerin 0.5%. Improvements in plant growth result from effects on soil microflora and direct effects on the plant. It is a way of material circulation that comes from nature and belongs to nature. Therefore, to develop a microbial fungicide having a uniform and high control efficacy, it is crucial to develop an optimized pilot fermentation protocol, conidial harvesting process, and formulation (Berger et al., 1996; Hong et al., 2012; Paulitz and Blanger, 2001). Many biofungicides that based on bacteria are labeled mainly for soilborne diseases, though there are some that are also labeled for foliar diseases like leaf spots, powdery mildew, and downy mildew (see table below). Bio-sourced fungicides refer to the direct use of biologically active substances produced by biological organisms or biological metabolic processes or substances extracted from organisms as disease prevention and treatment. to produce chemical synthetic products for raw materials, and is conducive to the protection and permanent use of human natural resources. Optimization of enterokinase fermentation using a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yield and viability of conidia in the freeze-dried samples varied according to the different additives used. Cultivations were performed for 96 h at 25C with agitation at 300 rpm and an aeration rate of 1 vvm. At present, the main means of controlling plant diseases are chemical fungicides. Considering the effective conidial density, this result indicates that BCP-WP10 should be stable for at least 2 years at room temperature. Its effective active ingredients are completely present and derived from natural ecosystems. To count the number of viable conidia in the formulation, samples were collected at 2-week intervals and serially diluted with 0.85% NaCl solution (Papavizas et al., 1984). Mycoparasitism of biocontrol microorganisms includes directed growth, contact and binding, coiling of hyphae around the host fungus, penetration, and degradation. Chung KC, Kim CB, Kim DK, Kim BJ.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture, product yield of enterokinase in a 300-l vessel was lower than that in a 5-l jar (Kim et al., 2005). The developed formulation, BCP-WP10, effectively suppressed the incidence of gray mold diseases on tomato and ginseng under field conditions. The control efficacies of BCP-WP10 were 65.6% for the 500-fold dilution treatment and 81.3% for the 250-fold dilution treatment (Fig. Its greatest feature is that it is easily decomposed by sunlight, plants, or various soil microorganisms. Plots of 50 m2 were arranged as a randomized complete block with three replicates per treatment. The flasks were incubated on a rotary shaker (IS-971RF; Jeio Tech, Daejeon, Korea) at 25C and 150 rpm for 48 h. For laboratory-scale fermentation, 3% (v/v) of seed culture was inoculated into a 5-l jar containing 3 l of fermentation medium and equipped with a dissolved-oxygen meter and a pH meter (KoBioTech, Incheon, Korea). Many resistance-inducing fungi and bacteria promote both root and shoot growth in the absence of plant pathogens. 2). - Antibiosis occurs when one microorganism produces molecules that directly affect other organisms negatively by toxicity or growth inhibition. 3). Isolation of antagonistic bacteria against major diseases in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. However, few microbial fungicides have been widely used because the currently available industrialized microbial pesticides may have poor control efficacies for gray mold diseases under field conditions (Hong et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2012). The highest conidial yield was obtained under culture conditions of 25C and pH 4.5, an impeller speed of 300 rpm, and an inoculum size of 3% (v/v) in a 5-l jar. Agrobacterium radiobacter 84 (Galltrol A) is registered for control of Crown Gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and there are also a few Pseudomonas species present in some biofungicides (Blight Ban and Bio-Save 10 LP). Choi GJ, Kim JC, Jang KS, Cho KY, Kim HT. The biological fungicide mainly uses the special disease prevention and growth-promoting function of certain special microorganisms or metabolites of microorganisms to achieve the control effect. The most widely studied and applied fungal fungicides are Trichoderma spp & mycorrhizae. Thus, these processes could possibly be applied to commercial production. Species of Trichoderma are the best studied of all biocontrol organisms. In the greenhouse industry, biofungicides are applied preventively to growth media or as a seed treatment for root and crown disease control and can be as effective as chemical fungicides. Here they effectively compete with plant pathogens for nutrients, infection sites, and space. Three-week-old tomato plants of the Seokwang cultivar at the 4- to 5-true-leaf stage were planted on February 16th at a planting distance of 40 cm. Disease control efficacy of the wettable powder-type formulation of Simplicillium lamellicola BCP (BCP-WP10) against ginseng gray mold in a field. Mycoparasitism of Acremonium strictum BCP on Botrytis cinerea, the gray mold pathogen. The storage stability of BCP-WP10 was tested at 40C for 22 weeks. Then, the culture broth was added to a 5,000-l vessel containing 3,000 l of fermentation medium at a ratio of 3% (v/v). BS061 suppresses powdery mildew and gray mold. After that time, the viability dramatically decreased to approximately 17% (5.0 107 conidia/g) after 20 weeks and 8.7% (2.6 107 conidia/g) after 22 weeks (Fig. National Library of Medicine Kim et al. BCP-WP10 at 500- and 250-fold dilutions was applied three times to 4-year-old ginseng plants (cv. A protocol for determination of conidial viability of the fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae from commercial products. Using the freeze-dried sample, a wettable powder-type formulation (BCP-WP10) was prepared; 10 g of the freeze-dried sample was mixed with 89.5 g of flux-calcined diatomaceous earth (MW25, 68855-54-9; Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA), 0.25 g of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (28-00379-01; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan), and 0.25 g of 2-(acetoxy[polyethyleneoxy]propyl) heptamethyltrisiloxane (125997-17-3; Jiangxi Hito Chemical Co., Jiangxi, China). The tomato plants were infected naturally with B. cinerea. The control efficacy of BCP-WP10 at a 250-fold dilution (81.3%) was not significantly different from that of the chemical fungicide fenhexamid (84.4%). Additionally, for scale-up to industrial processes, the use of liquid culture in a jar would be more favorable if the problem of a low conidial viability can be solved. Many farms depend on the use of chemical fungicides for the control of diseases in ginseng plants. The production of antibiotics by these species is well documented. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on industrial development of biocontrol agent using biocontrol fungus S. lamellicola.

Connect with UMass Extension Greenhouse Crops & Floriculture Program: Civil Rights and Non-Discrimination Information, UMass Research and Education Center Farms, Soil and Plant Nutrient Testing Laboratory, Water Testing / Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Conservation Assessment Prioritization System (CAPS), Extension Risk Management/Crop Insurance Education, North American Aquatic Connectivity Collaborative, Agriculture & Commercial Horticulture Resources. Kim HJ, Kim YH, Roh YH, Seong BL, Shin CS. Considering reduction of product yield in larger scale fermentation, this result is fairly acceptable in the process development, indicating that scale-up process was developed in our study. To investigate the control effect of BCP-WP10 against tomato gray mold, an experiment was performed in a farmers greenhouse in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Strong selectivity and safety for humans and animals. A familiar antibiotic, streptomycin, is produced by. The next important commercial biopesticide will be. The results showed that conidial viabilities of about 50100% (more than 30.0 107 conidia/g) were maintained for the first 8 months. Biofungicide Products Labeled for Greenhouse Crops. Bio fungicides are more and more popular with farmers. Plant diseases are the main enemy of agricultural production. Analysis of variance tests were used to determine significant differences among treatments at P < 0.05 using Tukeys honest significant difference test. Fenhexamid (wettable powder; active ingredient 50%), at a 1,000-fold dilution and water were applied as positive and negative controls, respectively. When lactose, trehalose, soybean meal, and glycerin were used as additives for the freeze-drying method, the conidial viability was maintained at 85.7%. Papavizas GC, Dunn MT, Lewis JA, Beagle-Ristaino J. Bacillus subtilis has a good control effect on the plant pathogenic bacteria Fusarium and Rhizoctonia, and at the same time has the functions of preventing disease and promoting crop growth. The disease control efficacy of BCP-WP10 was investigated against gray mold diseases of tomato and ginseng in farmers fields. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help

It is safer and has less impact on non-target organisms. Because of the variety of bacteria, large quantities, rapid reproduction, and easy artificial culture and control, the research and development of bacterial fungicides have great prospects.

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) improves the plant response to pathogen attack by priming the production of plant defense compounds. 8600 Rockville Pike Therefore, the production of biofungicides generally does not create conflicts with the use of non-renewable resources (such as oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)

Biofungicides used for foliar disease management must be applied preventatively. The plots, consisting of 50 plants per plot, were arranged as a randomized complete block with three replicates per treatment. Beneficial root-colonizing microorganisms promote plant growth and productivity. Effect of microbial agent on control of tomato gray mold and powdery mildew. At 500- and 250-fold dilutions, the control efficacies of the formulation were 64.7% and 82.6%, respectively. These results suggest that BCP-WP10 can be used to control gray mold disease of tomato plants in an environmentally friendly manner. The disease incidence of the untreated control was 21.3%. Data were analyzed using PASW Statistics version 17 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Furthermore, the use of BCP-WP10 as a new biofungicide will reduce the use of chemical fungicides and the costs associated with the development of new chemical fungicides. - Parasitism, the ability of species to attack and consume plant pathogens, has been well studied. Bacillus subtilis has a good control effect on the plant pathogenic bacteria Fusarium and Rhizoctonia, and at the same time has the functions of preventing disease and promoting crop growth. For the scaled-up 500-l pilot fermentation (KoBioTech), 3% (v/v) of seed culture was transferred into a vessel containing 300 l of fermentation medium. BCP-WP10 can be used to control gray mold diseases in farmlands where chemical fungicide resistance or residual toxicity exists and the use of chemical pesticides is prohibited. - The most successful of the strains of biocontrol microorganisms exhibit rhizosphere competence, the ability to colonize and grow in association with plant roots. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Conidial production was scaled up from a 5-l jar to a 340 5,000-l vessel. During scale-up process, however, the reduction of productivity have been reported (Kim et al., 2002a, 2005). Kim HJ, Kim JH, Oh HJ, Shin CS. For each of 11 samples, 3 l of the sample solution was placed in a 5-l rectangular aluminum tray, frozen at 20C for 24 h, and then sequentially freeze-dried using a 500-kg freeze dryer (PYTFD-500R; ilShin Lab, Seoul, Korea). Bio-sourced fungicides refer to the direct use of biologically active substances produced by biological organisms or, According to statistics, there are more than 100 kinds of biological pesticide products in the world, but more than 90% are bio-insecticides. Trichoderma: The inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi by Trichoderma has been discovered. Control efficacy was calculated using the following formula: control efficacy (%) = 100 (DI of control DI of treatment)/DI of control. They are labeled for both root and foliar diseases. See product labels for more specific information. Biocontrol of postharvest gray mold of cherry tomatoes with the marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenu. The concept of biological pesticides is vague and can be considered equivalent to biologically derived fungicides. Kim TS, Ko MJ, Lee SW, Han JH, Park KS, Park JW. - A final way in which these organisms act is through plant growth promotion. (2012) reported that one Bacillus biofungicide reduced tomato gray mold incidence by 55.4%. Cultivations were performed for 96 h at 25C and 150 rpm with an aeration rate of 0.5 vvm. Fludioxonil (suspension concentrate; active ingredient 20%) was applied at a 1,000-fold dilution as a positive control and plants treated with distilled water served as controls. Dean R, Van Kan JA, Pretorius ZA, Hammond-Kosack KE, Di Pietro A, Spanu PD, Rubb JJ, Dickman M, Kahmann R, Ellis J, Foster GD. In fact, Trichoderma species have been found to be highly resistant to a variety of toxins and antibiotics produced by soil microorganisms, antimicrobial compounds produced by plants, and even chemical fungicides. Each 8 weeks of the experimental period is converted to 1 year based on the pesticide registration and storage stability test standard. However, due to potential human health hazards, environmental pollution, non-target organisms, and the development of plant-pathogen resistance, the development of chemical fungicide has been limited. Biological fungicides are attracting more and more peoples attention and interest. The most widely studied and applied fungal fungicides are, Dora Alginate Oligosaccharide VS NAA PGRs for Rooting Effect, Application of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens in Agriculture, Bacillus Licheniformis Application in Agricultural Planting, Effect and Mechanism of Fulvic Acid Powder in Agriculture, Application of Salicylic Acid in Agricultural Production. Although the experimental conditions such as disease incidence, treatment frequency, and environment differed from those of our experiment, the disease control efficacy of BCP-WP10 was higher than that of the Bacillus biofungicide. Fungicidal activity of 46 plant extracts against rice leaf blast, rice sheath blight, tomato late blight, cucumber gray mold, barley powdery mildew and wheat leaf rust. This research was supported by a grant (315007-03) from the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through the Advanced Production Technology Development Program funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), Republic of Korea. Czapek-Dox broth (CDB; Difco Laboratories, Livonia, MI, USA) was used as a positive control. Williamson B, Tudzynski B, Tudzynski P, Van Kan JA. Antimicrobial activities of novel mannosyl lipids isolated from the biocontrol fungus Simplicillium lamellicola BCP against phytopathogenic bacteria. They must be reapplied frequently both to protect new growth and to ensure that effective populations of the microorganisms are present. For foliar applications, the biofungicides must be in place before pathogen infection as their action is purely protective. The difference in conidia yields was only 6%. Inoculum size, culture temperature and pH, and agitation speed were treated as the key factors for optimization. Data shown are the means of three replicates. Yang HJ, Jeong SJ, Jeong SY, Jeong DY. To investigate the stability of conidia in BCP-WP10, it was packed into aluminum packs containing 100 g each and stored at 40C in an oven (FO600M; Jeio Tech) for 22 weeks. As the fermentation scale increased from a 5-l jar to a 300 l vessel, the pigment yield of Monascus J101 was reduced up to 16% (Kim et al., 2002a). Because biofungicides consist of living organisms, they may have different storage, shelf life, and handling requirements than conventional fungicides. However, becuase the conidia of S. lamellicola produced in a liquid culture are sensitive to heat, a freeze-drying method was used in this study. To select the optimum additive, various additives and combinations were mixed with the culture broth of S. lamellicola BCP as shown in Table 1. These microorganisms produce a wide range of antibiotic substances, parasitize other fungi, compete with other fungi, and induce localized or systemic resistance in plants. The control efficacy of BCP-WP10 at 250-fold dilution was similar to that of fludioxonil.

Study on the control of leaf mold, powdery mildew and gray mold for organic tomato cultivation. These compounds are called antibiotics and are commonly produced by a wide range of soil dwelling microorganisms in the course of their growth. Biofungicides Used in Greenhouse Production. At a 500-fold dilution, BCP-WP10 showed control efficacies of 65% for tomato gray mold and 78% for ginseng gray mold. This makes these fungi active colonizers of toxic environments and a strong competitor. Control of alternaria leaf blight of ginseng by microbial agent and fungicides. Conidial production by large-scale fermentation. Disease incidence was determined by counting the number of diseased plants among 30 plants per treatment at 7 days after the third treatment and then the control efficacy was calculated using the following formula: To evaluate the potential use of BCP-WP10 as a biocontrol agent against ginseng gray mold, a trial was conducted in a farmers field in Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.

Rm1402, Yukun.Meicheng Building, 33 Haiyu North Rd, Suzhou, China. They should be mixed into the growing media prior to planting or applied as a drench immediately after transplanting, making sure that the entire soil volume is treated. Cultivation patterns of Simplicillium lamellicola BCP in 5-l (A), 500-l (B), and 5,000-l (C) bioreactors based on a constant impeller tip speed.

Paulitz TC, Blanger RR. To determine the number of conidia in the fermentation broth samples, they were serially diluted with 0.85% NaCl solution. The impact on the ecological environment is small. For the 5,000-l scale fermentation (KoBioTech), seed cultures were grown for 48 h in a 500-l pilot vessel as described above. 7H2O (Duksan Pure Chemicals) was used. The use of composts and suppressive growing medium, which both contain living microorganisms, to mitigate disease is another example of this disease management option. Wang YF, Yu T, Xia JD, Yu DS, Wang J, Zheng XD. All products are labeled for most greenhouse ornamentals and vegetables. The formation of spores makes them adaptable and resistant to stress, easy to industrialize production and storage, and has great potential for application. Zhao J, Li J, Kong F. Biocontrol activity against Botrytis cinerea by Bacillus subtilis 728 isolated from marine environment. 3, BCP-WP10 suppressed the development of tomato gray mold in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. After 4 days of cultivation, the highest conidial yield of 3.3 109 conidia/ml was obtained. Microbial fungicides mainly inhibit the energy production of pathogens, interfere with biosynthesis, and destroy cell structure, have strong compatibility and low toxicity, others also have the effect of stimulating plant growth. Plant Shield, Root Shield, PreStop, SoilGard, Asperello T34, and T-22 PlanterBox are commercial formulations of Trichoderma species and the closely related Gliocladium species. Le Dang Q, Shin TS, Park MS, Choi YH, Choi GJ, Jang KS, Kim IS, Kim JC. When applied to growing media or as a seed treatment, some biofungicides can increase root development and improve drought resistance in some plants. In particular, Bacillus spp. Comparable conidial yields were obtained in the 5-l, 500-l, and 5,000-l bioreactors, with final yields of 3.3 109 conidia/ml for a 5-l jar, 3.5 109 conidia/ml for a 500-l pilot vessel, and 3.1 109 conidia/ml for a 5,000-l vessel, respectively (Fig. Production of cell wall degrading enzymes is almost always part of the process.

Kim YS, Song JG, Lee IK, Yeo WH, Yun BS. Compared to the number of conidia counted under a light microscope, the conidial viability of that sample was 85.7% and it was used for the preparation of BCP-WP10. Liquid fermentation technology for experimental production of biocontrol fungi. Received 2017 Apr 19; Revised 2017 Apr 26; Accepted 2017 Apr 30. Kim JC, Choi GJ, Kim HJ, Kim HT, Ahn JW, Cho KY. Verlamelin, an antifungal compound produced by a mycoparasite, Acremonium strictum. Suppression effect of gray mold and late blight on tomato plants by rhamnolipid B. Berger F, Li H, White D, Frazer R, Leifert C. Effect of pathogen inoculum, antagonist density, and plant species on biological control of Phytophthora and Pythium damping-off by Bacillus subtilis Cot1 in high-humidity fogging glasshouses. To meet the line of cost effectiveness, successful scale-up in submerged culture is very essential because volumetric productivity in submerged culture is generally higher than that in solid culture. The BCP-WP10 formulation was prepared and 17% (5.0 107 conidia/g) of conidia survived storage at 40C for 20 weeks. The yield coefficient (Yp/s) in a 5-l jar was 11.0 for cultures using the optimized fermentation medium, whereas a Yp/s of only 0.3 was obtained with CDB medium. In this study, the conidia yield of 3.1 109 conidia/ml in a 5,000-l vessel was comparable to that of a 5-l jar fermenter. Several drying methods such as freeze-drying, spray-drying, and convection oven-drying are often used in industries. Eventually, liquid culture using a jar fermenter appeared to have some merits for the cultivation and post-cultivation processes of conidia as compared to solid culture.

- An important mechanism of biocontrol microorganisms is the ability to induce metabolic changes in plants that increase their resistance to a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria.