corrosion resistance tables schweitzer pdfsorel lennox lace boot size 9

Changes in melting techniques were developed to overcome the problem. The annual amortized cost of the equipment over the expected life is now important with regards to the material selection. If the leak goes undetected for a period of time, the value of the lost product could be considerable. 137 36 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals V V Increasing temperature Increasing chloride Log i Log i V V Increasing molybdenum Increasing chromium Log i Log i FIGURE 1.8 Effects of environment and alloy content on anodic polarization behavior. To trace such a diagram, the concentration of the dissolved material must be xed. Foundry experience and expertise is critical in casting superaustenitics. There is no signicant difference in the corrosion resistance of cast and wrought carbon and low-alloy steels. When rst formed, the patina exhibits a dark color that gradually turns green. 1988. Ideally, the anode area should be larger than the cathode area. The addition of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum further improves their performance. Tensile stress 3. The acceleration of attack is due to the distribution or removal of the protective surface lm by mechanical forces exposing fresh metal surfaces that are anodic to the uneroded neighboring lm. Recommended practice for prevention, detection, and correction of deaerator cracking, NACE Standard RP0590-96, Houston: NACE International. 8243CHAPTER 23/11/200616:54TRGANESH14182XML MODEL B pp. Table of Contents They form carbides and reduce the amount of carbon available to form chromium carbide that can be deleterious to corrosion resistance. Type 430 stainless (UNS S43000) is alloyed with 18% chromium. The PREN is determined by the chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen contents: PRENZ%CrC3.3 (%Mo)C30(%N). Typical ranges for dry deposition velocities onto various materials under outdoor and indoor conditions are given in Table 2.1. The conditions necessary for SCC are: 1. The chemical compositions are shown in Table 10.1. High temperatures 2. When compatible, the corrosion rate is !20 mpy. Reducing environments, such as dilute sulfuric acid, nd nickel more corrosion-resistant than iron but not as resistant as copper or nickel copper alloys. Sodium sulde, to 50% Stannic chloride Stannous chloride Sulfuric acid, 10% Sulfuric acid, 50% Sulfuric acid, 70% Sulfuric acid, 90% Sulfuric acid, 98% Sulfuric acid, 100% Sulfuric acid, fuming Sulfurous acid Thionyl chloride Toluene Trichloroacetic acid White liquor Zinc chloride 8F 8C 180 186 150 80 82 86 66 27 80 80 100 210 80 100 80 150 170 60 90 212 295 386 485 538 644 X X X X X 27 27 38 99 27 38 27 66 77 16 32 100 146 197 252 281 340 X 80 27 The chemicals listed are in the pure state or in a saturated solution unless otherwise indicated. 151176 156 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals 1000 Time to failure 100 10 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 Weight percent nickel FIGURE 10.3 Chloride stress cracking vs. nickel content. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2022 Informa UK Limited, Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mortars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics, Engineering & Technology, Physical Sciences, Schweitzer, P.A. These nodules must be mechanically removed to kill the bacteria. Although several different grades are produced, type 2D is the most commonly used grade. Most bacteria require an aw value in excess of 0.90. In general, E-Brite has good general corrosion resistance in most oxidizing acids, organic acids, and caustics. Ductility is similar to corresponding martensitic grades at the same strength level. Available oxygen is another factor that inuences microbial growth. 2.2.2.2 SOX The main part of anthropogenic SOx pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels, i.e., oil and coal in industrial regions that can cover less than 5% of the earths surface. In clean atmospheres, a thick oxide lm forms that develops into a thicker scale. The martensitic grades are generally less corrosion-resistant than the austenitic grades. A tensile stress, either residual or operational 3. Corrosion is an electrochemical process. However, it has proven to be resistant to a wide range of corrosive environments. Table 1.4 lists the PRENs for various austenitic stainless steels. The various superaustenitic alloys are discussed in detail in the following section. The anodic polarization technique is also useful in studying the effects of variations in the environment and the benets of alloy conditions. Corrosion Resistance Tables, Vols. They are part of the 6 Mo superaustenitic family. Dry uorine and bromine can be handled in the same manner. Compacted graphite iron retains many of the attractive casting properties of gray iron but has improved strength and ductility. 13.4 Alloy 17-7PH (S17700) This a semiaustenitic stainless steel. 2004. Source: From P.A. 137 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion 27 Electrode reactions are commonly written in the form 3vox;i box;i C ne Z 3vred;i bred;i (1.10) where vox,i represents the stoichiometric coefcient of the oxidized species with box,i appearing on the left side of the equality sign together with the free electrons, and vred,i indicates the stoichiometric coefcients of the reducing species with bred,i appearing on the right side of the equality sign, opposite to the electrons. Generally, hydrogen embrittlement is not usually a problem in steels with yield strengths below about 1000 MPa (150 ksi), but if hydrouoric acid or hydrogen sulde is present, the yield strength must be below 550 MPa (80 ksi) for good resistance. Reference 1. However, hydrogen under high pressure results in rapid corrosion. This cracking can be alleviated by adding 0.2% water to the ammonia, eliminating air contamination from ammonia systems, and stress-relieving tanks or fabricating with hot formed or stress-relieved heads. 11. The purpose of these treatments is to remove any contaminants that may be on the components surface that could prevent the formation of the oxide layer locally. Copper acetate Copper carbonate, 10% Copper chloride Copper cyanide Copper sulfatec Cresol Cupric chloride, 5% Cupric chloride, 50% Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Ferric chloride, 50% in water Ferric nitrate, 1050% Ferrous chloride Fluorine gas, dry Fluorine gas, moist Hydrobromic acid, dilute Hydrobromic acid, 20% Hydrobromic acid, 50% Hydrochloric acid, 20% Hydrochloric acid, 38% Hydrocyanic acid, 10% Hydrouoric acid, 30% Hydrouoric acid, 70% Hydrouoric acid, 100% Hypochlorous acid Iodine solution, 10% Ketones, general Lactic acid, 25%a,c Lactic acid, conc.a,c Magnesium chloride Malic acid, 50% Manganese chloride Methyl chloridea Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone Muriatic acid Nitric acid, 5% Nitric acid, 20% Nitric acid, 70% Nitric acid, anhydrous Nitrous acid, conc. 221234 Cast Stainless Steel Alloys 233 CD3MN is the cast version of wrought UNS S31803 or 2205. It is also highly resistant to chloride SCC. Zeron 100 is a highly alloyed duplex stainless steel for use in aggressive environments. Reference 1. This alloy has high strength, good ductility and toughness, and is easily fabricated. Care must be taken when selecting these alloys because the boundary between acceptable and poor performance is very sharp. As the potential is increased further, there is little change in current ow until the next critical stage B, where the breakdown of the passive lm occurs and the corrosion current begins to increase. A metal cathode 8243CHAPTER 23/11/200616:54TRGANESH14182XML MODEL B pp. This characteristic explains the abrupt transition in corrosion rates that occur at particular acid concentrations.

Another chemical that causes SCC in steels is anhydrous ammonia. 8243CHAPTER 23/11/200616:54TRGANESH14182XML MODEL B pp. An increase in the copper content from 0.1 to 0.4% decreases the corrosion rate by up to 70%. Alloy X-750 is resistant to sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, and organic acids, as well as alkalies, salts, and seawater. a b c Subject to pitting. 4.90 nom. As shown in Figure 9.1, maintaining the carbon content to below about 0.035%, vs. the usual 0.08% maximum, will avoid the precipitation of harmful levels of chromium carbide. However, the presence of solid particles on the surface is a more important 8243CHAPTER 33/11/200616:56TRGANESH14183XML MODEL B pp. 137 30 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals Other factors affecting corrosion include temperature, relative velocities between the metal and the media, surface nish, grain orientation, stresses, and time. The stress level at which the failure occurs is well below the stress required for a mechanical failure in the absence of corrosion. Applications include the nuclear industry, chemical processing, and pollution control systems. The high chromium content of 27% imparts superior resistance to corrosive attack by oxidizing media. The amount formed is dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere and the chemical and physical properties of the corrosion products. Many variables inuence the corrosion characteristics of an atmosphere. When chloride concentrations are high, such as in seawater or in reducing 8243CHAPTER 13/11/200616:52TRGANESH14181XML MODEL B pp. Refer to Table 4.4 for the compatibility of Ni-Resist alloy with selected corrodents. This lm with a 2050-A practically prevents further corrosion. To obtain the desired corrosion resistance and acceptable fabrication characteristics, the material had to have very low interstitial element contents. A practical option for high-temperature applications are nickel-rich alloys such as alloy 800/800H.

Compositional purity 3. This includes adequate resistance to most foods, a wide range of organic chemicals, mild inorganic chemicals, and most natural environmental corrosion. The network formers are noncrystalline, whereas the intermediates tend to be microcystalline at low temperatures. When exposed to 8243CHAPTER 23/11/200616:54TRGANESH14182XML MODEL B pp. 9. As previously stated, the deposition rate is dependent on the concentration in the air. Sigma phase may still be a problem for some nickelbased alloys in the range of 145017008F (7709278C).

The ability of the surface layer to accommodate the gaseous constituent (e.g., SO2) is a phenonomen of the aqueous layer, which is a surface process. Consequently, additional research was undertaken. It is generally thought of as metal loss due to chemical attack or dissolution of the metallic component into metallic ions. 10.13 Type 316 (S31600) These chromiumnickel grades of stainless steel have molybdenum added in the range of 23%. Pollutant Outdoor Range (mg/m3) Indoor Range (mg/m3) SO2 NO2 H2S O3 HCl Cl2 3185 20160 136 1090 0.35 !5% of HCl levels except where local source exists 612 140 360 0.21 765 0.080.3 0.0040.015 NH3 10150 2.7 Effects on Metals Used for Outdoor Applications Carbon steel is the most widely used metal for outdoor applications, although large quantities of zinc, aluminum, copper, and nickel-bearing alloys are also used. Under controlled conditions it can be measured, repeated, and predicted. 151176 160 Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals TABLE 10.2 Compatibility of Types 304, 304L, and 347 Stainless Steel with Selected Corrodents Maximum Temperature Chemical Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetic acid, 10% Acetic acid, 50% Acetic acid, 80% Acetic acid, glacial Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetyl chloride Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Adipic acid Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride Alum Aluminum acetate Aluminum chloride, aqueous Aluminum chloride, dry Aluminum uoride Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum nitrate Aluminum sulfatea Ammonia gas Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chloride, 10% Ammonium chloride, 50% Ammonium chloride, sat. Source: From P.A. C. McCaul. The austenetic gray cast irons (often called Ni-Resist, a trademark of Inco Alloys International) 8243CHAPTER 43/11/200616:57TRGANESH14184XML MODEL B pp. 2.2.2.3 NOX Emissions of NOx originate primarily from different combustion processes, road trafc, and energy production. Hydrochloric, hydrouoric, phosphoric and nitric acids, and seawater will attack the alloy. At concentrations between 90 and 95% sulfuric acid, steel can be used up to the boiling point; between 80 and 90% it is serviceable at room temperature. This nitrogen addition also improves the weldability of the stainless steel without losing any of its corrosion resistance. 10.8 Type 304 (S30400) Type 304 stainless steels are the most widely used of any stainless steels. In addition, contamination can result from the leaking material, requiring cleanup, and this can be quite expensive. Complicate these forms of corrosion with further subdivisions, add just basic environmental variables such as pH, temperature, and stress, and the predictability of corrosion begins to suffer rapidly. Crevice corrosion 5. The corrosion resistance of copper is the result of the formation of this patina or protective lm. During this period, the sulfuric acid may be partly neutralized, particularly with ammonia that results from the biological decomposition of organic matter. Surface imperfections, grain orientation, lack of homogeneity of the metal, variation in the environment, localized shear and torque during manufacture, mill scale, and existing red iron rust will produce anodes and cathodes. Type 317L has improved pitting resistance over that of type 316L, but may still be subject to chloride stress corrosion cracking. For example, carbon steel parts left in the desert remain bright and tarnish-free over long periods. Note that as the ow rate rises from zero, the corrosion rate increases to a maximum around 1 or 2 ft/s. Phosphorus, which it also contains, is another element that aids in providing protection against atmospheric corrosion. Table 13.10 shows the chemical composition. As a further benet to alloying with steel, it is less noble than iron and thus tends to form its oxide rst. If iron contamination is permissible, steel can be used to handle caustic soda, up to approximately 75% at 2128F (1008C). Because the formation of this lm is dependent on the pollution in the air, in rural areas where there may be little or no pollution, a longer time may be required to form this lm. The high nickel and molybdenum contents provide good corrosion resistance in reducing environments, while the high chromium level imparts resistance to oxidizing media. All rights reserved. Use of this data for selection of critical castings may have undesirable results. Have an inuence on the rate of anodic or cathodic reaction 5.

Refer to Table 11.1 for its chemical composition. 8243CHAPTER 63/11/200617:01TRGANESH14186XML MODEL B pp. Frame 2 represents the condition that is often found perplexing when using materials that exhibit activepassive behavior. Chromium and molybdenum impart a high level of resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. The chemical composition will be TABLE 7.3 Chemical Composition of Alloy 409 (S40900) Chemical Weight Percent Carbon Manganese Silicon Chromium Nickel Phosphorus Sulfur Titanium Iron 0.08 1 1 10.511.751 0.5 0.045 0.045 6!%C min0.75% max Balance 8243CHAPTER 77/11/200619:53THIRAVIAGURU14187XML MODEL B pp. The processes controlling the fog water chemistry appear to be condensation of water vapor on, and its evaporation from, preexisting aerosol, and scavenging of gas-phase nitric acid. For the electrode reactions to take place, it is necessary that an electrolyte be present.

Once initiated, the pit grows at an ever-increasing rate. Carbon pick-up and mold reactions are just two of the factors that inuence corrosion resistance. Compatibility is shown to the maximum allowable temperature for which data are available. Steam carrying water condensate droplets provides an aggressive medium for corrosion of steel and cast iron piping. [emailprotected] The E-Brite alloy (S44627) was termed a superferritic because of its high level of corrosion resistance for a ferritic material and partly because it is located so far into the ferritic zone on the Schaefer diagram. While the wrought austenitic SSTs have complete austenitic structures in the annealed condition, the castings are chemically balanced to form some ferrite as they solidify. There are many stainless steel compositions, all of which have their own set of physical, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties. In this case, the dry deposition velocity if dependent on the aerodynamic processes. One way to avoid the precipitation of chromium carbides is to force the precipitation of another carbide rst.

There are two theories regarding the formation of these lms. Wet deposition seems to be the primary mechanism at long distances from the emission source, whereas in the immediate area of 8243CHAPTER 23/11/200616:54TRGANESH14182XML MODEL B pp. The chemical composition is shown in Table 12.1. But the carbon content expands the g region to the extent that larger chromium contents are possible. Corrosion Resistance Tables, Vols. Moniz and W.I. Stainless steel is not a singular material, as the name might imply, but rather a broad group of alloys, each of which exhibits its own physical, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties. Consequently, nickel alloy 200 is limited to a maximum operating temperature of 6008F (3158C). The former acts as a modier and the latter is a network former. 109122 Corrosion of Stainless Steels 119 TABLE 6.3 Suggested Maximum Service Temperatures in Air Service Intermittent AISI Type 201 202 301 302 304 308 309 310 316 317 321 330 347 410 416 420 440 405 430 442 446 Continuous 8F 8C 8F 8C 1500 1500 1550 1600 1600 1700 1800 1900 1600 1600 1600 1900 1600 1500 1400 1350 1500 1500 1600 1900 2150 815 815 845 870 870 925 980 1035 870 870 870 1035 870 815 760 735 815 815 870 1035 1175 1550 1550 1650 1700 1700 1800 2000 2100 1700 1700 1700 2100 1700 1300 1250 1150 1400 1300 1500 1800 1000 845 845 900 925 925 980 1095 1150 925 925 925 1150 925 705 675 620 760 705 815 980 1095 As discussed previously, reducing conditions can result from a high ratio of reducing to oxidizing species or from inherently reducing environments. Schweitzer. Sea-Cure is used in electric power plant condensers and feedwater heaters, and heat exchangers in the chemical, petrochemical, and rening applications. Combustion of these fossil fuels and hazardous waste products should produce only carbon dioxide, water vapor, and inert gas as combustion products. P.A. To form the patina, a series of wet and dry periods is required. It has higher alloy content than the other duplex grades, giving corrosion resistance nearly as good as that of the superaustenitic alloys. It is equivalent to type 304 when exposed in rural or mild atmospheres. References 1. At one time, the primary factor in the selection of construction materials was initial cost. 100). Chromium contents in the ferritic stainless alloys top out around 28%. Alloy 301 (also referred to by tradename Duranickel) is a precipitation-hardenable alloy containing aluminum and titanium. Sodium hypochlorite, 20% Sodium hypochlorite, conc. Phosphorus is taken up as inorganic phosphate or as organically bound phosphoroxylated compounds, such as phosphorus-containing sugars and lipids. The second letter ranges TABLE 4.1 Letter Prexes Used in UNS Prex A C D E F G H J K L M N P R S T W Z Alloy Series Aluminum and aluminum alloys Copper and copper alloys Steels with special mechanical properties Rare earths and rate earth-like metals and alloys Cast irons Carbon and alloy steels AISI H-steels (hardenability controlled) Cast steels, except tool steels Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys Low melting temperature metals and alloys Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys Nickel and nickel alloys Precious metals and alloys Reactive and refractory metals and alloys Heat- and corrosion-resistant (stainless) steels Tool steels Welding ller metals Zinc and zinc alloys 8243CHAPTER 43/11/200616:57TRGANESH14184XML MODEL B pp.

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