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To control the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor environments, a specific guidance plan for the management of MSW in Makkah should be obeyed, to face the significant challenges for MSW related to the persistence of COVID-19 on different materials. Solid waste management and recycling during Hajj pilgrimage in Mina. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil.

:@n iu (33b=# Q U:Cgf'0kq4j#&.PCx}&j By the end of 2019, an exceptionally high number of pneumonia cases with unusual characteristics had been detected in the capital of Hubei province, China (Wuhan), as the result of a novel infectious coronavirus disease (Zhu et al. All these factors will have led, by the end, to modifying the hierarchical system of MSW, which must be changed under the pandemic conditions (Figure (Figure1).1). (2020) inspected the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on MSW and sewage treatment plants, as well as the potential risk of the virus spreading via the non-medical waste from medical facilities. These elements may be optimized as follows: Guidance plan for MSW collection procedure during COVID-19 pandemic, Proposed practices of MSWM in Makkah during COVID-19 pandemic. ys] R,->GM. Fears of accumulating plastic waste generated from PPE (i.e., face masks, hand gloves, and plastic sterilization packages) during COVID-19 led to their mixing with MSW (OSHA 2020). Loizia P, Voukkali I, Zorpas AA.

641 0 obj <>stream Experimentally, SARS-CoV-2 could survive for more than 2 days on inoculated stainless steel, plastic, ceramics, glass, wood, surgical masks, paper, cotton, and latex gloves (Liu et al. Survival of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in suspension and after drying on surfaces: a possible source of hospital-acquired infections. Reducing the presence of beneficiaries in government departments. The generated MSW from quarantine sites (households and hotels), except for that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 capacity); the specific bulky MSW and that generated from gardens should be collected based on demand, in order to minimize the movements of compactor vehicles on the streets and, consequently, to minimize the potential of infection by COVID-19. This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University, grant number 20-ENG-4-13-0001. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101729. <<2D587634CAEB8443AD06345B84071C31>]/Prev 214384>> The DHS Science and Technology Directorate (2020) Master question list for COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) Weekly Report 25 March 2020. 2020), in addition to, the potential risk of the SARS-CoV-2 infection which may result from the contaminated waste surfaces (Nghiem et al. In the quarantine hospitals of Makkah, the generated medical waste for COVID-19 was handled, in compliance with the medical protocols issued by the WHO, by placing them in colored bags and marking them with a danger sign. These control measures impacted the MSW generation, characterization, and management, with a significant increase in medical wastes. Therefore, the disposal of personal protective tools (e.g., face masks and gloves) in public streets (Figure (Figure8)8) and in the metal containers distributed in Makkah may represent a potential source of infection. EPA530-d-02-002, August 2002. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I, Loizia P, Chroni C. Household waste compositional analysis variation from insular communities in the framework of waste prevention strategy plans. Some studies have focused on MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is expected that municipalities will have more concerns by the time to control this factor of infection (Smart Waste Report European Union 2020), due to the direct contact between the MSW and the operators (scavengers). Das AK, Islam MN, Billah MM, Sarker A. COVID-19 and municipal solid waste (MSW) management: a review. 0000001495 00000 n In addition, the paper presents a practical e-waste management approaches and concepts; like Value-Belief Norm and Extended Producer Responsibility might be implemented and used in tomorrow's Saudi. Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University. Media Reports, 2020. Consequently, the generated MSW quantities serve to pressurize the load on disposal sites (e.g., landfills). 2021b). International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering. Available online: Habeebullah TM, Abd El-Rahim IHA, Morsy EA. 0000005938 00000 n 0000028921 00000 n Sizun J, Yu MW, Talbot PJ. The reduce concept cannot be applied during the pandemic due to the increase in organic waste as a direct result of people working and studying at their homes. The face masks and gloves used as preventive tools against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as advised by all the responsible authorities (MoH 2020), may turn into a new factor for its infectious spread. In the western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Madinah cities), it was indicated that almost all SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs among the households within the indoor environment (Habeebullah et al. 28 42 2010; and Chan et al. 0000028837 00000 n Available online: MoHP (Ministry of Health and Prevention, United Arab Emirates) (2020) The important preventive actions against corona virus (COVID -19), United Arab Emirates. Impact of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the generated MSW. 2020.

Khoo KS, Ho LY, Lim HR, Leong HY, Chew KW.

The first positive case was reported in Makkah on the 10th of March 2020. 0000001667 00000 n Available online: Duan SM, Zhao XS, Wen RF, Huang JJ, Pi GH, Zhang SX, Han J, Bi SL, Ruan L, Dong XP, SARS Research Team Stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and environment and its sensitivity to heating and UV irradiation. Available online: EPA (2002) RCRA waste sampling draft technical guidance planning, implementation, and assessment. 2020). Improvement of coastal environment was detected during COVID-19 lockdown according to the applied KPIs such as waste accumulation index (WAI) and waste accumulation rate (WAR) (Loizia et al. Strategy development in the framework of waste management aims to increase quality of life and should reduce the impact of several processes on the surrounding environment (Zorpas 2020). ghee benefits amazing health care nursing services bangalore fats healthy ltd nurse 2020). 0000004870 00000 n Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. %PDF-1.4 7U?^a= 8~ G1$Q s4{~`j!~ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2020) Guidance on preparing workplaces for COVID-19.

A\ 8)nncUz. Implemented actions of Saudi authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impacts on MSW, Suspending attendance at workplaces in government agencies. The aim of this study is to evaluate household awareness of e-waste, environmental problems associated with improper disposal, and willingness to engage in managing e-waste. 0000002585 00000 n 2021a). SARS-CoV-2 can persist on plastic and metal surfaces for 72 h at 2123C and 40% RH (van Doremalen et al. Mazzanti M, Zoboli R. Waste generation, waste disposal and policy effectiveness: evidence on decoupling from the European Union. 0000002179 00000 n

Nghiem et al. Uh vt3LVvB ?^z\@ mo_O>4SJ*4 @;:{}W6bZ hG[n.jix `g\3i"-tV _'>^fJiq9. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Previously, MSW characterization in Makkah has been investigated across the different districts of Makkah (Osra 2017). Accessibility 2021). We aimed to characterize the MSW generated in Makkah during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has influenced the existing MSW management practices.

ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Household's awareness and participation in sustainable electronic waste management practices in Saudi Arabia, 2022 THE AUTHORS. 611 0 obj <> endobj

E-waste was discarded by storing it in their home (45%) or discarding it with other household waste (32%). Available online: MoH (Saudi Ministry of Health) (2020) Periodic reports and guidelines for facing COVID-19 pandemic. Das et al. 2020), as well as paper/cardboard (Duan et al. 2020). Dr. Almulhim received his PhD from University of Liverpool, UK in 2020. The pandemic-stage components of MSW were compared to those in pre-pandemic conditions. MSW management guidelines should be updated periodically, according to the nature and epidemiological pattern of the current and any another future pandemic. The generated MSW from quarantine sites (homes, hotels), except that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 of capacity). endstream endobj 612 0 obj <. Finally, the practices of MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Makkah were suggested. MSW generated from quarantine sites should be sorted, segregated, and stored separately from the general medical waste at the point of generation. about navigating our updated article layout. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.

The MSW should be collected on a fastfrequent periodical basis, due to the dominant humid and hot weather conditions in Makkah (Khan and Alghafari. 0000028376 00000 n Implementation of control measures in Makkah has led to a change of lifestyle, which resulted in a physical change of the MSW constitution in Makkah, with the following average rates: organic matter, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1%. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the major priorities for MSW management were (1) ensuring the proper management of SW facilities (i.e., treatment and disposal facilities); (2) strict adjustments to recycling facilities, in order to prevent the potential of infections and cross-contamination; and (3) confirming that the medical waste from quarantine hospitals and centers is treated and managed in a safe manner (ISWA 2020), where it is managed as medical wastes. 2020). 0000000016 00000 n Thus, the contaminated fomites represent a potential risk for virus transmission (Biryukov et al. There is a high potential risk of the COVID-19 spreading through the contaminated SW surfaces (Nghiem et al. Back to normal life in all regions and cities of the KSA as before the curfew period, except for Makkah, with full compliance with preventive health instructions and social distancing, Gradually moving back to the normal management system of MSW. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 2021).

Zorpas AA. Liu Y, Li T, Deng Y, Liu S, Zhang D, Li H, Wang X, Jia L, Han J, Bei Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Li J. Preventing congregational prayers in mosques, except for the Two Holy Mosques, Suspending prayer and being in the two holy mosques, especially on Fridays. New challenge for the management and disposal of personal protective equipment waste during the COVID-19 pandemic. 0000003388 00000 n 8600 Rockville Pike 0000004118 00000 n The generated MSW from commercial centers will be decreased. In the case of the infected COVID-19 cases, additional health precautionary measures have been implemented, in terms of sorting PPE (e.g., face masks, gloves, and disinfectant) and yellow double-bagging, which is a must, according to Saudi Health Protocol (Figure (Figure55). 69 0 obj <>stream During the COVID-19 pandemic, routine people activities were overturned, which led to a shifting in the trends of solid waste created by medical facilities, quarantine centers, streets, and households (Tripathi et al.

MDS (Ministere De La Sante) (2020) Direction DE LEpideniologie Et De Lute Contre Les Malladies; Royaume Du Maroc; Epidmie du COVID-19 au Maroc.

SARS-CoV-2 remains detectable at 22C (room temperature) through plaque assay for up to 24 h on paper currency, for up to 4 h on clothing, and for up to 96 h on the skin (Harbourt et al. Zorpas AA, Voukkali I, Loizia P. The impact of tourist sector in the waste management plans. 0000060994 00000 n 2020). The site is secure. d2@ AR endstream endobj 1588 0 obj <>/Metadata 145 0 R/Pages 1577 0 R/StructTreeRoot 224 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 1589 0 obj <. To control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, all residents in Makkah were placed on effective lockdown from 23 March to 4 September 2020, as mentioned in Table Table1.1. 2003) and latex gloves and gowns (Lai et al. Human coronavirus 229E remains infectious on common touch surface materials. Temperature, precipitation and relative humidity fluctuation of Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1985-2016). The COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for the waste and wastewater services sector. 5 0 obj 0000003814 00000 n The .gov means its official. Global lockdowns were implemented, to reduce the public SARS-CoV-2 infection risk (Saadat et al. National Library of Medicine 0000096956 00000 n Nature Public Health Emergency Collection, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/mql_sars-cov-2_-cleared-for-public-release_2020_03_25.pdf, http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/laws/wastemanagregulationlaw.aspx, https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcoronavirus.jhu.edu%2Fmap.html&data=04%7C01%7Cihabdelrahim%40uqu.edu.sa%7C3d2439e98386421c320f08d91c939210%7C79a057fbb0d544dd8f900bf7151f5c3f%7C0%7C0%7C637572242402124721%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=TqW4uIeEz56VkJRRuANTtfL%2BJPSTBebRruOwTiqf1cw%3D&reserved=0, https://www.sante.gov.ma/Pages/ADM_Centrale/DELM.aspx, https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/soins-et-maladies/maladies/maladies-infectieuses/coronavirus/tout-savoir-sur-la-covid-19/article/contact-covid-et-si-dep-les-outils-numeriques-du-depistage-covid-19, https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News-2020-03-17-001.aspx, https://www.mohap.gov.ae/en/MediaCenter/Pages/videos.aspx?videoId=595, https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3990.pdf, https://www.interregeurope.eu/smartwaste/news/news-article/8127/, Suspending entry to the Kingdom for Umrah, visiting and tourist visas, and mobility with national identity among citizens of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, Decreasing Umrah performers and decreasing the generation of MSW in Makkah, Suspending the performance of Umrah inside the Kingdom, Decreasing the generation of MSW in Makkah, Suspending studies in all schools and universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Decreasing the generation of MSW from schools and universities, Suspending events in wedding halls, lounges, and hotels, Decreasing the generated MSW from weddings and hotels, Suspension of international flights for 2 weeks, Changing lifestyle will change the status of MSW, Temporarily suspending marine trips, except for goods, between the Kingdom and several countries, Changing the status of consumables and MSW, Decreasing the generation of plastic cups and water bottles from mosques, Suspension of domestic flights, buses, taxis, and trains for a period of 2 weeks. For commercial centers handling mixed waste (masks, gloves, tissues, and disposable cloths collected with MSW), the bins must have a pedal, two or more sealed bags should be used, and recyclables and biowaste should be combined with mixed waste. A royal order imposing a curfew from 7 pm until 6 am for 21 days, Preventing the residents of the regions from leaving their areas. MSW may play a great role in the spread of COVID-19 in the outdoor environment, as the disease can be transmitted through contaminated surfaces and hands. The suggested guidance plan describes and specifies structured and ordered practices of MSW management in Makkah during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Implementing additional health precautionary measures in several residential districts in Jeddah, by preventing entry to or exit from them and curfew in them over a 24-h period, Starting the travel procedures for Umrah performers who are late to leave from King Abdulaziz international Airport in Jeddah. Available online: Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.

Bin for collecting used PPE from commercial food centers in Makkah. Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as the waste compositional analysis, waste recycling and waste accumulation index, prevention activities, and awareness activities were used to measure the environmental performance level in an area, in the framework of waste strategy development (Loizia et al. Concerning the PPE from the commercial food centers of Makkah, some practices were indicated, during COVID-19, related to MSW management and focused on providing specific bins for collecting used face masks, gloves, and disinfectant containers, in order to make sure they were not mixed with the generated MSW (Figure (Figure77). 2003).

0000056154 00000 n From the all above reviews, the problem can be formalized by the mixing of medical waste that may be generated from COVID-19-infected citizens with non-infected MSW; the risk is associated with the handling, collection, transportation, and disposal of these mixed MSW as a pure MSW, which may lead to the spread of COVID-19 infection. 0 Available online: Nghiem LD, Morgan B, Donner E, Short MD. Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. 0 1Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2Department of Environmental and Health Research, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Municipal solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic: effects and repercussions. The results of the current study revealed that the hierarchical system of MSW was modified under pandemic conditions. Experienced and optimum management practices should be applied, aimed at handlers, pickers, transportation, plastic bins, metallic containers, compactor vehicles, MSW transfer station, and disposal sites, to reduce the associated risk of infection. The authors would like to express their great thanks to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this research work by Grant Code: (20-ENG-4-13-0001). 0000004224 00000 n Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The aerosol survival of related human coronaviruses is relatively high.

Dr Almulhim obtained a Master's degree from the University of Colorado Denver, USA in 2015, and he obtained a Bachelors degree from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (formerly Dammam University). MSW characterization in Makkah was discussed before and during the COVID-19 lockdown on a daily basis and sorted in situ households and ended with the proposed MSW guidance plans. Some PPE waste is discarded into the environment rather than going to incinerators and landfills. 2020). Suspension of specific vehicles and operating compactor vehicles only during the pandemic may lower the potential of spread of infection by COVID-19 through the surveyed streets; it is also advised to increase the thickness of sediments used as a daily cover for the compacted MSW at the disposal sites (landfill). Our findings revealed that the pre-pandemic rates of classification for the collected fourteen solid waste samples, as average rates, were as follows: organic matters, 48%; plastics, 25%; paper and cardboard, 20%; metals, 4%; glass, 2%; textiles, 1%; and wood, 1%. The uncontrollable spread of personal protective equipment (PPE) from infected and uninfected individuals may increase the potential of COVID-19 spread, due to the mixing of infected with uninfected MSW. Loizia P, Voukkali I, Chatziparaskeva G, Pedreo JN, Zorpas AA. Ibrahim H.A. All these life factors have led to lifestyle changes and, consequently, an increase in the organic and plastic components of the generated MSW. Received 2021 Mar 28; Accepted 2021 Jul 14. will also be available for a limited time. The MSW workers must be supplied with complete personal protective equipment (PPE), keeping a distance of 2 meters between workers, handling MSW as waste contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, avoiding direct contact with MSW, pressing on MSW bags must be forbidden (as they may contain contaminated waste), periodic hand-washing with soap and disinfectants, and removal of PPE with care. In addition to the establishment of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC), which contributed to increasing the percentage of hospitals that achieved the American average for measured patient safety culture from 30% in 2018 to 60% in 2019, the Kingdom topped the list of Arab countries, in terms of the Global Health Security Index, in 2019 and was ranked 47th globally. Casanova LM, Jeon S, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Chan KH, Peiris JS, Lam SY, Poon LL, Yuen KY, Seto WH. 0000005569 00000 n The efficient SW management strategy results in great advantages for the waste management guidelines (strategy) and eco-friendly waste management practices including a minimized environmental footprint, enhanced relations with stakeholders, minimized liabilities and environmental risk, and health and safety benefits (Ball and Taleb 2010; Loizia et al. Data were analyzed using statistical methods such as one-way ANOVA and t-tests. 2000). After imposing of curfew and lockdown, the number of daily SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases reduced gradually. EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs and Agency (2020) Regulation of municipal solid and medical waste during the pandemic of COVID-19. The present study reviews MSW management practices in the pre-pandemic conditions of Makkah, as well as during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021). Traditional MSW collection procedure in Makkah. 1587 0 obj <> endobj 1608 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<404390FB27F64797822D7891E47DFEFF><8453352AE7A2433EA4C4CC8DB47F65F9>]/Index[1587 35]/Info 1586 0 R/Length 97/Prev 1104144/Root 1588 0 R/Size 1622/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Abdulaziz I. Almulhim is an assistant professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia. 0000099671 00000 n HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Training and increasing the efficiency and specific skills of MSW workers. Smart Waste Report European Union (2020) COVID-19 and municipal waste management 2020. This led to fear regarding the possible spread of infection through MSW collection, transportation, and disposal systems. Electronic waste (e-waste) management is currently a priority, especially in economically developing nations, because improper waste disposal leads to economic loss and negative impacts on environment and public health. In conclusion, a specific guidance plan for MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic was developed, aimed at handlers, pickers, collection, transportation, transfer stations, and MSW disposal. It can stay for up to 7 days on surgical mask surfaces at 22C and 65% RH (Chin et al. During the COVID-19 lockdown, a field characterization study was conducted using a total of eight samples, with a weight ranging between 22 and 47 Kg, for a group of households distributed in the central districts in Makkah, in order to assess the rates of main MSW components; this indicated the average rates of classification as follows: organic matters, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1% (see Figure Figure22). xref

In addition, specific and alternative guidance plans for the potential critical points of the infection were suggested to protect public health during the pandemic. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China; 2019. 2020; Luca et al.