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This is the case in the breakdown of plastic ropes to finer filaments such as microfibers. For example, Table 2 shows the compounds release during the incineration of PVC and the health effects of these compounds.

Also, BPA associated neuro-behavioural disorders (e.g.

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trailer <<8F6850C6335F4C82B603D0049EC4D172>]/Prev 555144>> startxref 0 %%EOF 173 0 obj <>stream Phthalates with low molecular weight especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP)are used as solvents in the manufacture of products such as lacquers, coatings, varnishes and personal-care products (e.g.

Papers that reported environmental and public health effects of plastic constituents but not plastics directly were also reviewed.

Proper wastewater management will prevent microplastics from entering the environment from the landfills. Globally, plastic production was estimated to be 380 million tonnes in 2018. 0000039424 00000 n Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a type of plastic which is smooth, transparent and relatively thin.

Dubaish F, Liebezeit G (2013) Suspended microplastics and black carbon particles in the Jade System, Southern North Sea. Contaminants from microplastics are bioavailable for many marine lives because of their presence in benthic and pelagic ecosystems and their small sizes [64]. CNN. PP>* 4@P>7 u(r:?

(2014) Plastic pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea.

Raintree Publisher, London.

Examples of such contaminants are persistent organic pollutants like nonylphenol, PCBs, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and phenanthrene, with potential to accumulate in several fold on the plastic debris compared to the surrounding seawater [65].

Mar Pollut Bull 44: 842-852.

Mar Pollut Bull 52: 1077-1080.

Chandegara VK, Cholera SP, Nandasana JN, Kumpavat MT, Patel KC (2015) Plastic Packaging Waste Impact on Climate Change and its Mitigation.

In modern life, plastics are ubiquitous. Marine Policy 68: 117-122. High phthalate concentration alters hormone levels thus causing birth defects in rodents exposed to certain types of phthalates.

Hardesty BD, Good TP, Wilcox C (2015) Novel methods, new results and science based solutions to tackle marine debris impacts on wildlife.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol 364: 1985-1998. lusher microplastic reproduced

Production of bakelite which is the first truly synthetic polymer was in 1907 in Belgium [14], however, by 1930, bakelite was everywhere, especially in fashion, communication and electrical and automotive industries [15].

Dowty BJ, Laseter JL, Storer J (1976) The transplacental migration and accumulation in blood of volatile organic constituents. PBDEs and TBBPA are hormone disruptors, altering the activities of thyroid hormones and oestrogen, thereby causing impaired development of both the nervous and reproductive systems [93].

BPA is an endocrine disruptor which mimics oestrogen in females. These are present in a variety of plastic products such as electronic thermoplastics (e.g. In the production of plastics, brominated flame retardants are raw materials used for safety purposes.

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 50: 37-49. 0000024514 00000 n

Alomar C, Estarellas F, Deudero S (2016) Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Deposition in coastal shallow sediments, spatial variation and preferential grain size. 1 0 obj Give answers in simplest exact form.

World Economic Forum (2016) The New Plastic Economy, Rethinking the future of plastics. discarded in landfills. computers, phones and televisions) and textiles [97].

Journalist's Resource. Pediat Res 10: 696-701. (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.

Give answers in simplest exact form. Skyhorse Publishing Inc., USA, 62.

In 2003, an estimated global output of BPA was greater than 2.2 million metric tonnes annually [76]. Environ Engineer Manag J 15: 675-685. Even though landfilling is the commonest waste management conventional approach in many countries, however, scarcity of space for landfills is becoming a major problem.

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As a result of repeated usage of beverage and food containers over a long period of time, BPA molecules can leach from the plastics into the drinks and food. In human occupational and residential environment, plastic products are present in large volume. These may also be referred to as micro-, meso-, and macrodebris.

An advantage of plastic incineration is the recovery of energy from the plastic wastes [30].

Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, et al.

(2017) Combining polyethylene and polypropylene: Enhanced performance with PE/iPP multiblock polymers.

In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M, Mar Anthro Litt.

Varieties of plastics used in the production of many consumable products including medical devices, food packaging and water bottles contain toxic chemicals like phthalates, heavy metals, bisphenol A. brominated flame retardants, nonylphenol, polychlorinated biphenylethers, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, phenanthrene etc.

This microplastics are either produced by design and are called primary microplastics, or they are formed as a result of degradation of macroplastic called secondary microplastics [23,24].

Table 2: Compounds generated during the incineration of polyvinylchloride and their harmful effects.

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PVC is considered highly toxic due to the presence of chemical constituents like heavy metals, dioxins, BPA and phthalates. . J Toxicol Risk Assess 5:021. doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510021, 1Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, 2Department of Social Studies, Federal College of Education, Oyo State, Nigeria.

0000045052 00000 n Educational curriculums at different levels must include ways of plastic pollution reduction and waste management systems as information resources. Children and infants are mostly exposed to phthalates because of their frequent mouthing of objects like plastic toys and fingers, and direct skin contact with phthalate contaminated substances.

Examples of these would be. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 1977-1984. Cornell. Lee K, Tanabe S, Koh C (2001) Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay and nearby areas, Korea. Environmental release of large quantities of microplastics is in form of cosmetic products and cleaning ingredients such as toothpaste and microbeads in face-wash. Because of the health effects of microplastics, countries like Canada, USA and others are now phasing out their usage in certain personal care products.

0000002181 00000 n Within the marine ecosystem, plastics have been reported to concentrate and sorb contaminants present in the seawater from different other sources. Some of these plastic incineration products can chemically react with water and the resulting compounds can alter the pH thereby change the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.

0000039669 00000 n

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Am J Epidemiol 166: 79-87.

Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Office for Official Publications of the European Committees, Luxembourg, Europe 1-124.

Pettipas S, Bernier M, Walker TR (2016) A Canadian policy framework to mitigate plastic marine pollution.

At the time, Plastic Pollution - Project Topic: Plastic Pollution Submitted To: Mam Sidra Abbas Submitted By: Amal Qadeer, Ayesha Irum Ali, Haleema Imtiaz, Hajra Ali, 8 out of 8 people found this document helpful, Submitted By: Amal Qadeer, Ayesha Irum Ali, Haleema, Course Title: Global Environmental Changes, involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects, Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized into micro-, meso-, or macrodebris, based on size.The, prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, which lends to. Long term usage and exposure of plastics and plastic products to high temperature can lead to leaching of toxic chemical constituents into food, drinks and water.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, USA.

Open burning of plastics and plastic products releases pollutants such as heavy metals, dioxins, PCBs and furans which when inhaled can cause health risks especially respiratory disorders.

It is also called stomach plastics. In addition, some harmful chemical constituents used in the production of plastics (e.g. Mar Pollut Bull 79: 94-99. On a pro-kilogram basis, children have a higher exposure rate to PBDEs than adults [103].

Rochman CM, Hoh E, Kurobe T, The SJ (2013b) Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress. The disadvantage of combustion of plastics is the air pollution caused by the noxious fumes released into the atmospheres.

Nature 494: 169-171.

phthalates, BPA, etc) should be banned in consumer goods and in plastic products that are in direct contact with food, beverages and children. /Root 88 0 R It took a decade after this for mass production of plastics to begin and it has constantly expanded ever since.

% A similar situation is common in sea birds which can confuse microplastics for cuttlefish or with fishes, which can mistake plastic wastes for their natural prey [63].

stream During the decomposition of solid waste in landfills in 2008, an estimated CO2 equivalent (eqCO2) volume released into the atmosphere was 20 million tonnes.

There are two major classification of plastics at sea: 1) Macro (these are plastics higher 20 mm in diameter) and; 2) Micro (plastics which are less than 5 mm in diameter) plastics. Hauser R, Calafat AM (2005) Phthalates and human health.

Also, BPA increases thyroid hormone receptor transcriptional corepressor activity causing a decreasing in thyroid hormone receptor activity. Secondary plastics, on the other hand, account for smaller plastics that have resulted from, Microdebris are plastic pieces between 2 m and 5 mm in size. Dumping of plastics on land or landfilling plastics leads to abiotic and biotic degradation of the plastics, where plastic additives (e.g.

PNAS 38: 11899-11904.

During this plastic degradation process, toxic chemicals like polystyrene and BPA can be released into the water [59] causing water pollution. 0000000017 00000 n <>

In many instances, sheeting and packaging plastics are disposed of after usage, however, because of their durability, such plastics are located everywhere and persistent in the environment.

/Pages 85 0 R % Galloway TS (2015) Micro- and nano-plastics and human health.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), a type of heat-resistant polymer, is used for packaging fruit juice, cooking oil, etc.

Scientific American.

An analysis of European plastics production, demand and recovery for 2008. Successful precedents exist including the 1989 reclassification of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as hazardous (Montreal Protocol) and persistent organic pollutants in 2004 (Stockholm Convention) [107]. Int Mar Org, London.

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Wastes found in the oceans are made up of approximately 80% plastics.

More than 260 species of marine organisms such as turtles, invertebrates, seabirds, fish and mammals ingested or are entangled in or with plastic debris, leading to reduced movement, feeding, reproductive output, ulcers, lacerations and eventual death [63,66].

Plastics Europe (2016) Plastics-The Facts.

Fleischman T (2018) Polymer additive could revolutionize plastics recycling.

View Table 2.

Women exposed to BPA have damaged health system such as polycyclic ovarian syndrome, obesity, recurrent miscarriages, endometrial hyperplasia and sterility [79-81].

%PDF-1.7 Environ Impact Assess Rev 30: 28-41. (2010) A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipment during recycling: Examples from China and India. Major contributors to this increment include countries like Japan, where plastic waste recycling rose from 39% (1996) to 83% (2014) according to their Plastic Waste Management Institute [48].

(2007) Serum dioxin concentrations and risk of uterine leiomyoma in the Seveso Women's Health Study. Antimony trioxide, an inorganic compound, is used as a catalyst for the production of PET and rubber vulcanization [18].

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bottle caps, cigarette butts, and microbeads.

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Matsumoto M, Mutsuko HK, Ema M (2008) Potential adverse effects of phathalic acid esters on human health: A review of recent studies on reproduction. Hofmeyr GJG, Bester MN, Kirkman SP, Lydersen C, Kovacs KM (2006) Entanglement of Antarctic fur seals at Bouvetya, Southern Ocean. Ingestion of plastic wastes is capable of causing obstruction and physical damage to bird's digestive system, reduce the digestive ability of the system leading to starvation, malnutrition and eventually, death. Compounds of low molecular weight can vaporize directly into the air thereby polluting the air and based on their varieties, some may form a combustible mixture, while others may oxidize in solid form.

(2009) A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife.

It is used for packaging medicine, yogurt, ketchup, beverage, etc.

Ryan PG, Connell AD, Gardner BD (1988) Plastic ingestion and PCBs in seabirds: Is there a relationship?.

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KIMO Int conference 105.

It has been suggested by researchers that by 2050, oceans might contain more plastics than fish in terms of weight [19]. 0000002005 00000 n Distribution of plastic waste is associated with human populations.

Gen Comp Endocrinol 219: 74-88. Reprocessing of recovered plastic scraps or wastes into usable products is called plastic recycling. Chlorinated plastics are capable of leaching out toxic chemicals into the soil and subsequently seep into the underground water or surrounding aquatic system thereby polluting the ecosystem.

Science 284: 1991-1998. Bioplastics are environmentally friendly since they require less fossil fuels during production in comparison to other types of plastic [111]. Environmental changes are spreading infectious diseases-UN study, Victoria 1-19.

0000018186 00000 n Mar Pollut Bull 22: 41-42.

hb```b`` @1vJJ .7/5-*|eb:&74&hzth BcFLj'5B6suYzIK9'$ltsz;x|b3rJT'pygYOjL$P$elS:hell7UxFek][.TJE)\l:*0S9rF`)lqde0Z{.2v)0S V;#9n'rm9_kY1h,; ]q0'yu\>sqIG0QfV*Y@ 0qX /X Depending on non-plasticization, PVC is flexible due to the presence of phthalates. In: Schecter A, Gasiewicz T Dioxins and health.

In the UK, producer responsibility was enacted through a scheme for generating and trading packaging recovery notes, plus more recently a landfill levy to fund a range of waste reduction activities.

Consider the following events below i) Price of mobile phone batt eries falls (5 marks) ii) iPhones become less popular.

Diverse usage and manufacturing of plastics and plastic products began in 1839 when polystyrene (PS) and vulcanized rubber were discovered [13]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195: 23-34.

breast and prostate cancers) have been reported [85-87].

Hengstler JG, Foth H, Gebel T, Kramer PJ, Lilienblum W, et al.

<< /DisplayDocTitle true >> For global reduction of plastic litters and ocean pollution, there is need for improvement in proper plastic waste collection, treatment and disposal [8].

The process of BPA leaching from plastics is accelerated by storing acidic or basic items that can breakdown plastic polymers, exposure of the plastic container to high temperature, and by repeated washing of the plastic container [77,78].

As at 2008, the annual plastic production was estimated to be 245 million tons globally [16].

(2001) Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment.

Furthermore, entanglement in plastic products like nets can cause harm, damage and even death in marine animals. (2018) Toxic effects of plastic on human health and environment: A consequences of health risk assessment in Bangladesh Inter J Hlth 6: 1-5.

Mar Environ Res 115: 1-10.

Knight G (2012) Plastic Pollut.

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Reprod Toxicol 42: 132-155.

In the struggle against plastic pollution, the following recommendations might be helpful: To combat and curb persistent environmental pollution by plastics, there is need for realistic policies which must be properly followed and enforced.

a. sin 8/23 = sinx, x 8/23 b. cos 11/31 =sinx c. tan /8 =cotx, Question 2 Read the case study below and answer the following questions: How One of the World's Biggest Ships Jammed the Suez Canal When the Ever Given one of the largest container ships ever, Determine a value of x for sin8pi/23=sinx, Question (a) You are a government economist analyzing the market for iPhones. 0000003057 00000 n Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) (2002) Plastics consumption data by sector.

The biodegradability with little or no toxic products left behind will go a long way to protect our natural environment from the menace of conventional plastic wastes, protect our world's organisms and make the world safer for humans. (2004) Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in North Sea estuaries and aquatic food webs.

In depth report.

Of these two plastic sizes, the microplastics are the major pollutants documented for deteriorating the ecosystem.

Science News Online 156: 1-4.

% Copenhagen, Denmark. Ann Rev Pub Health 31: 179-194.

Its early usage dated back to 1600 B.C., at the time when human hands shaped natural rubber and polymerized into different useful objects in prehistoric Mesoamerica [12].

Science for Environmental Policy (SEP) (2011) Plastic Waste: Ecological and human health impact. Animals are exposed to plastic wastes majorly through ingestion and entanglement, however, ingestion is more frequent than entanglement. Also, there are several technical issues to deal with when recycling plastic. xref 0000025438 00000 n

Increase in human population has led to increase demands for plastics and plastic products.

Air pollution is one of the major environmental threats to public health, and it is responsible for more than 6 million deaths associated with environmental pollution [68]. /N 9 Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Zhang XL, Luo XJ, Liu HY, Yu LH, Chen SJ, et al.

(2. Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, et al.

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CO2 is also released into the atmosphere during the burning of plastics and plastic products, and this CO2 is capable of trapping radiant heat and hinder it from escaping from the earth causing global warming [67].