isoproturon mode of action

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isoproturon mode of action

In view of our findings, physiological parameters such as net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of all four weeds were significantly reduced to a greater extent by all herbicidal spray measured after 3, 10 and 17 days of application in comparison with weedy check. ha-1) with Bio-enhancer 400 mL ha-1 resulted in similar number of P. minor weeds at harvest to that of full dose (175 g a.i. 2008;25:61-70. Maximum number of grains/spike (84) of wheat were observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Department of Agronomy, BZU Bahadur Sub Campus, Layyah, Pakistan. Herbicide efficacy is significantly decreased due to direct influence of factors like drift and surface tension, whereas it can be increased with addition of adjuvants (Adamczewski and Matysiak, 2005Adamczewski K, Matysiak R The effects and benefits of adjuvants used with sulfonyl urea herbicides. All herbicide treatments with and without adjuvants impart significant impact on all weeds by reducing their photosynthetic rate as compared to weedy check after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal spray (Figure 2). Results showed that maximum number of weeds (54.4) was measured for M. indica followed by A. arvensis (30.5), P. minor (7.5) and F. indica (12.5) in weedy check treatment while, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ; Green, 2001Green JM. Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). An appropriate adjuvant when combined efficiently can decrease the amount of herbicide applied and significantly reduces the total costs for weed control (Green, 2001; Monaco et al., 2002Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. No entanto, observaram-se valores mais altos de parmetros de troca de gs do trigo quando nenhum herbicida foi pulverizado. ha-1 applied alone or with adjuvants Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 each and weedy check as a control treatment. Legume Res. ha-1, aplicado sozinho ou com adjuvantes Ad-500 ou biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 cada, e a verificao de plantas daninhas como tratamento controle. Whereas in all herbicidal applications, lowest photosynthetic rate (7.13 mol m-2 s-1) of wheat was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Among all treatments, weedy check produced maximum photosynthetic rate after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide spray. Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Pak J Water Res. (English), Resumo Formulation and adjuvants. Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat. The plot size was 1.5 m 3.5 m having row to row spacing 25 cm. 2010;9:77-84.

Combination of Bio-enhancer and isoproturon is more effective as compared to Ad-500, as Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 with reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i. All herbicide treatments were applied with back pack knapsack sprayer equipped with flat fan nozzle after calibration. excellent weed control and maximum grain yield was recorded from Puma Super 75 EW at 1.25 L ha-1 + buctril super 60 EC at 750 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 2 kg ha-1 having statistically at par grain yield. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep.

It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 , T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Effect of herbicides and wheat population on control of weeds in wheat. Ashrafi Z. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1.

Losses due to weeds can be managed by different approaches such as manual, mechanical, allelopathic, biological and chemical. Usman K, Khan M. Economic evaluation of weed management through tillage, herbicides and hand weeding in irrigated wheat.

2010;255:47-57.; Kammler et al., 2010Kammler KJ, Walters SA, Young BG. Adamczewski K, Matysiak R The effects and benefits of adjuvants used with sulfonyl urea herbicides. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al.

Presented at the UC Davis. Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. However, minimum grain yield (2285.7 kg ha-1) was recorded in weedy check followed by that of isoproturon at 140 g and 105 g a.i. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. Presented results are in agreement with those of Naseer-ud-Din et al. 3rd ed. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. Management factors, such zero or minimum tillage, early planting after rice harvest, and alternative herbicides provide effective control of resistant biotypes. ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400 mL ha-1 after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide treatments. Weed Technol. ), efficacy of herbicides such as bromoxynil, glyphosate and 2, 4-D with adjuvants (Allinol 810-60, MON 0818 and Oxysorbic 20) against kochia (Bassia scoparia) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) provided better control of weeds as compared to herbicide alone. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. As doses de herbicida foram isoproturon a 175 g i.a. J ASTM Int. Wheat is among the most widely planted crops in the world. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 and reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i.

Indian J Agron. Other parameters including weeds plant height (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) were recorded at maturity by using standared procedure. 2008;48:1146-9.). Effect of individual and tank mixed herbicides on yield of wheat crop.

ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i.

Progress Plant Prot. 2003;17(2):338-45. Our results showed that wheat produced maximum number of productive tillers (m-2) and minimum non-productive tillers where maximum weed control was achieved. (2000Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. 2004;21:181-92. ; Rueda Ayala et al., 2011Rueda Ayala V, Rasmussen J, Gerhards R, Fournaise NE. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today.

2011;48:185-90.). Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (, Shukla N, Awasthi RP, Rawat L, Kumar J. 2006;51(2):139-41. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 4). WRIC Weed Science School, September 26-28. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). Weed science: Principles and practices. Moreover, maximum wheat growth and yield as well as weed control was also achieved with this treatment. Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. spike length can be the reason for increasing number of grains/spike. J Agric Sci.

ha-1 with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer and Ad-500 each at 400 mL ha-1) significantly increased 1000-grains weight than weedy check. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. Weed Technol. Presented at the UC Davis. Data regarding net photosynthetic rate of wheat after 3, 10 and 17 days of post-emergence herbicide application of isoproturon alone and with adjuvants is shown in Figure 1. 2003;51:430-4. 2003;17(2):338-45.). Littleseed canarygrass is a major weed of winter-season crops, although it is most dominant in wheat-growing regions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. p.99-116. The key objective of presented research was to evaluate the effect of post-emergence application of isoproturon herbicide alone and with most suitable combination of adjuvant on photosynthetic attributes of wheat and their associated weeds. Data regarding effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on harvest index of wheat is presented in Table 2. Effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone and with adjuvants on fresh and dry weight of all four weeds Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica resulted in lowest fresh and dry weight as compared to weedy check (Table 3). Maximum fresh and dry weight of four weeds was observed in weedy check. Pestic Sci. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 lowered the transpiration rate significantly in studied weeds after 17 days of herbicide spray than 3 and 10 days. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002.). 2006;51(2):139-41.) J Exp Bot. Our results indicated that addition of Bio-enhancer to isoproturon increased the efficacy of isoproturon at full dose in terms of number of grains per spike when compared with addition of Ad-500 or without adjuvant. Comparatively, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhance at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicidal spray. Effect of herbicides and wheat population on control of weeds in wheat. 2008;27(3-5):719-26. ) Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds. Injury and grass control. Bernards ML, Penner D, Michael J, Zollinger R, Rhode A, Dean SW. Imazapyr absorption and translocation in northern red oak and red maple as affected by herbicide formulation and the adjuvant methylated seed oil. Complete dose of phosphorus and potassium and half of nitrogen was applied during seed bed preparation, while remaining nitrogen was applied at first irrigation. 2003;1:71-73.). This might be due to addition of adjuvants that increased efficacy of herbicides either at full or reduced dose as well as reduced competition of wheat plants with weeds for utilization of available resources at their maximum level. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 in F. indica than others weeds (Figure 3). However, optimum dose and suitable combination of herbicide with adjuvants play a vital role in controlling weeds at an acceptable level and produce maximum crop yield. Whereas, the weedy check produced lowest number of grains/spike compared to other herbicidal treatments. However, highest values of gas exchange parameters of wheat were observed where no herbicide was sprayed. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (. 2007 Cambridge University Press ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Pak J Agric Sci. Ann App Bio. Kammler KJ, Walters SA, Young BG. Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky D. Principles and procedures of statistics. 2008;14(3-4):111-20. 2009;6(6):1-10. 2005;45:17-24.; Bernards et al., 2009Bernards ML, Penner D, Michael J, Zollinger R, Rhode A, Dean SW. Imazapyr absorption and translocation in northern red oak and red maple as affected by herbicide formulation and the adjuvant methylated seed oil. Check out using a credit card or bank account with.

New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. Guarda G, Padovan S, Delogu G. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. 2011;48:185-90. Isoproturon {3-(4- isopropyl phenyl)-1,1- dimethyl urea} is among the important phenyl related urea group and post-emergence herbicide mainly utilized to control annual, broad leaf and grasses weeds in wheat and other cereal crops (Chhokar et al., 2008Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i.

Minimum photosynthetic rate in M. indica (0.612 mol m-2 s-1), A. arvensis (0.552 mol m-2 s-1), P. minor (0.395 mol m-2 s-1), and F. indica (0.125 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. 2010;9:77-84.) In conclusion, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum. After weedy check, lower doses of isoproturon with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest gaseous exchange parameters after 17 days of herbicide spray that might be due to the fact that all herbicide treatments not only affected weeds but also the wheat plants at earlier stage of spray however, lower doses of isoproturon imparted less impact on wheat.

ha-1, 140 g a.i. Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. Adoption of fenoxaprop-P, clodinafop, and sulfosulfuron in isoproturon-resistant areas since 1997 initially led to high yields, but resulted in a weed flora shift which eventually reduced yields and increased the cost of weed management. Afr J Biotechnol. Legume Res. ha-1) with Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1. Data stated that full dose of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of, Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of, Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave plant heights of 13.5, 2.5, 22.5 and 11.25 cm in M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica respectively which was minimum among all treatments. 2003;1:71-73. ha-1) without adjuvants. Among these methods, chemical weed control is the most improved method (Bibi et al., 2008Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. The soil of experimental site was analyzed and found to be sandy clay loam with pH 8.2, organic matter content 0.90%, 0.55% nitrogen (N), 12 ppm available phosphorous (P) and 113 ppm available potassium (K). (EN). However, growth and yield related parameters of wheat like number of productive tillers (m-2), number of none-productive tillers (m-2), plant height (cm), number of grains/spike, 1000-grains weight (g), spike length (cm), biological yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) were recorded at maturity following standard procedure. ha-1) along with Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave similar harvest index (Table 2).

ha-1 and isoproturon at 175 g a.i. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone or with combination of adjuvants on winter wheat and its associated weeds. Entre vrias prticas de manejo de plantas daninhas, o controle qumico delas considerado o mtodo mais efetivo. From findings of this study it could be concluded that weed plant height, number of weeds after 21 days, number of weeds at harvest and weeds biomass in terms of their fresh and dry weight was decreased significantly by all doses of herbicidal spray but application of herbicide with adjuvants reduced all above mentioned traits to greater extent. ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. In case of A. arvensis, F. indica and P. minor, minimal stomatal conductance was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

Data regarding number of weeds per plot was collected two times, first at 21 days after sowing and second at maturity. Efficacy of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on height of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) was found significantly different (Table 5). Isoproturon-resistant biotypes were found cross-resistant to diclofop, but not to chlortoluron, which has the same mode of action as isoproturon. Transpiration rate was found maximal in weedy check when measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide spray (Figure 3). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i.

Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Weed Technology ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave minimum number of M. indica and F. indica weeds. Improved cultivation practices are also helpful; however, no current single system is sustainable. Highest grain yield (2666.6 kg ha-1) of wheat was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Each dose of isoproturon was prepared separately. Brecke BJ, Stephenson DO. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Ann App Bio. Herbicide Bioassays. Therefore, identification of appropriate adjuvant for specific weed species is primarily required to maximize herbicide performance. 2010;16:89-96. Um estudo de campo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de ps-emergncia do herbicida isoproturon sozinho ou com combinao de adjuvantes no trigo de inverno e suas plantas daninhas relevantes. ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 pode ser uma abordagem rentvel para obter o melhor rendimento de trigo, juntamente com a supresso mxima das plantas daninhas. (Portuguese), Text Herbicide adjuvants.

Weed Technology publishes original research and scholarship focused on understanding "how" weeds are managed. Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. Interaction of surfactants with plant cuticles.

Khalil MF, Hassan G, Hussain Z, Shah NH, Khan MM.

option. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. When herbicides are applied as a tank mixture or combined with an adjuvant, they might be more efficacious and cost-effective in controlling weeds if the appropriate combinations are used (Monaco et al., 2002). Indian J Agron. who revealed that F. indica, M. indica and Rumex dentatus density significantly decreased by different herbicides compared with control. Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. Performance of different herbicides in wheat under irrigated conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. 2006;20(2):377-83. No entanto, a dose ideal e a combinao adequada de herbicidas com adjuvantes desempenham papel vital no controle de plantas daninhas em um nvel aceitvel e produzem o rendimento mximo da cultura. Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. 2008;14(3-4):111-20.). Figure 4 showed decreasing (isoproturon with and without adjuvants) and increasing (weedy check) trend of stomatal conductance after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal treatments. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum.

T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. However, among all herbicidal applications, isoproturon with adjuvants decreased the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 17 days of herbicide application compared to others treatments. Weed Technol. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Acta Sci Polon Agric. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum dry weight of 7.5, 8, 19.5 and 7.5 g of M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica, respectively.

Green JM. According to Harbour et al. 2010;24:147-52.). After 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide applications, transpiration rate of wheat enhanced progressively with passage of time (Figure 1). 2012;63(12):4359-4373.; Shukla et al., 2015Shukla N, Awasthi RP, Rawat L, Kumar J. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. Multiple comparisons. Harvest index (%) of wheat was calculated using following formula: The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance for wheat and weeds were measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide application. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Data showed that post-emergence spray of isoproturon with and without adjuvants reduced the transpiration rate of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 3, 10 and 17 days of application. 2011;51(1):478-88. Palavras-chave:caractersticas de troca de gs; crescimento e rendimento; controle de ervas daninhas; peso fresco e seco; doses de herbicidas; Triticum aestivum. According to Cheema et al. Maximum plant height of M. indica (63.5 cm), A. arvensis (39.5), P. minor (80.2 cm) and F. indica (57.75 cm) was recorded in weedy check. To increase the growth and yield of wheat, it is important to apply herbicides at optimum rate and right time while maintaining weed control at an acceptable level and also protecting crop from herbicide injury. 2011;51(1):478-88.

Weed Technol. Prog Plant Prot. Bromoxynil + MCPA at 0.49 kg a.i. Genetic studies and resistance characterization from multiple locations indicate independent evolution of resistance due to continuous use of isoproturon and monoculture rice-wheat-cropping system. ha-1 + Bio-enhance at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicidal spray followed by 10 and 3 days after herbicidal spray with the same treatment. Study effects of planting methods and tank mixed herbiciedes on weeds controlling and wheat yield. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. However, a higher dose of isoproturon causes adverse effects on wheat productivity (Singh et al., 1998Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat. Weed Technol. According to Khalil et al., (2010Khalil MF, Hassan G, Hussain Z, Shah NH, Khan MM. Effects of adjuvants, halosulfuron, and grass herbicides on Cucurbita spp. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T8 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. (2003Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. 2000;14:807-13.). 2005;45:17-24.

Therefore, it is a dire need to select an appropriate dose of herbicide with suitable adjuvant that must suppress the weed growth along with optimum yield of crop. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 were sprayed (Table 3). Afr J Biotechnol. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer followed by that of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. Conclui-se que o isoproturon a 175 g i.a. Among all treatments, maximum stomatal conductance (2287 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded in weedy check. 2012;11(4):791-9.). Weed Technol. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Kudsk P, Streibig JC. Severe weed infestation is one of the major constraints hampering potential yield of wheat and causing 20-40% reduction in its yield (Ahmad and Shaikh, 2003Ahmad R, Shaikh AS. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2006;12:53-59.)

In case of dry weight of weeds, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. The more decrease in above traits with inclusion of adjuvants among all other treatments might be due to enhancement in efficiency of isoproturon with addition of adjuvants. Pak J Weed Sci Res. The isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ), herbicide control weeds by inhibiting their photosynthesis, chlorophyll, lipid synthesis and seedling growth. Significant reduction in above mentioned physiological parameters in all weeds was probably due to herbicide application with adjuvants that enhanced the effectiveness of herbicide and isoproturon which disturbed the activity of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane in plant and effect electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). Keywords:fresh and dry weight; gas exchange traits; growth and yield; herbicide doses; Triticum aestivum L.; weed control.

2012;11(4):791-9. All herbicide treatments produced more biological yield as compared to weedy check. Different post-emergence herbicides has been used to control weeds but it is documented that application of post-emergence herbicide with adjuvants was found to be more effective in controlling the weeds (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011).

Results regarding number of weeds of all four species (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) after 21 days of application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants are presented in Table 4. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1) along with Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave similar spike length as that of full dose of isoproturon with and without adjuvants (Table 1). ha- 1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. ha-1, T5 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Results clearly demonstrates that reduced dose of isoproturon (105 g a.i. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum fresh weight of 37.5 g, 16.5 g and 16.5 g in M. indica, A. arvensis and F. indica, respectively. 2008;25:61-70.; Gugaa et al., 2010Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. 2009;6(6):1-10.). ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i.